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Introduction: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients. An IL-10 imbalance could be related to renal hypertrophy and trigger to nephropathy. Three promoter polymorphisms (-1082G>A, -819C>T, and -592C>A) at IL10 gene have been associated with changes in the IL-10 expression and DN susceptibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze this association in Mexican patients with DN. Methods:We conducted a case-control study on 128 patients with DN and 150 control subjects (CS) from western Mexico. All patients were tested for IL10 polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. Allele frequencies, genotypes, and haplotypes were compared between groups. The significant haplotypes were correlated with patient clinical features.Results: IL10 gene ATC haplotype (-1082A/-819T/-592C) was found significantly more frequent in DN patients than in CS (P < 0.001; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7-7.4).Similarly GTA (-1082G/-819T/-592A) haplotype was more frequent in DN patients than CS with significant differences (P < 0.05; OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.10-14.78). There were no correlations between IL10 haplotypes and clinical parameters in patients with DN. However, that there is a trend of higher serum urea levels and lower eGFR in ATC haplotype carriers compared to carriers of the other haplotypes (P < 0.05). Conclusions:These results indicate that IL10 promoter haplotypes ATC and GTA carriers have a higher risk factor to develop DN in the western Mexican population. K E Y W O R D S diabetic nephropathy, glomerular filtration rate, haplotype, IL10 haplotypes, IL10 polymorphisms 1 | INTRODUC TI ON Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a syndrome characterized by the presence of pathological quantities of urine albumin excretion, diabetic glomerular lesions, and loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetic patients. DN patients have structural and functional changes in the kidney, with a mesangial expansion, thickening of the basement membrane, and nodular glomerulosclerosis in the glomeruli. 1,2 All these kidney changes favor the recruitment and activation of immune cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 2 Luz Eliane Chavarria-Buenrostro and Jorge Hernandez-Bello contributed equally to this work.

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The production of biofuels has had a great impact on climate change and the reduction of the use of fossil fuels. There are different technologies used for the separation and production of biofuels, which allow having compounds such as ethanol, methane, oxygen, and hydrogen, one of these promising technologies is the Pressure Swing Adsorption process (PSA). The objectives of this article focus on the production and purification of compounds that achieve purities of 99.5% bioethanol, 94.85% biohydrogen, 95.00% medical oxygen, and 99.99% biomethane through the PSA process; also, a significant review is contemplated to identify the different natural and synthetic adsorbents that have greater adsorption capacity, the different configurations in which a PSA operates are studied and identified, and the different mathematical models that describe the dynamic behavior of all the variables are established that interact in this PSA process, parametric studies are carried out in order to identify the variables that have the greatest effect on the purity obtained. The results obtained in this review allow facilitating the calculation of parameters, the optimization of the process, the automatic control to manipulate certain variables and to achieve the rejection of disturbances to have a recovery and production of biofuels with a high degree of purity.