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To examine the complexity of tourism policy implementation, this paper considers the case of Pamilacan Island, the Philippines. It uses the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) and network analysis. Consistent with policy process theories, findings show that individual policy beliefs might lead to implementation networks, but the degree of network integration determines progress in policy execution. The study reinforces the importance of key factors pertinent in policy implementation such as knowledge and resources of actors, as well as contextual conditions including ties of solidarity. Mediating them are micro-implementation processes and informal codes of conduct. This paper not only increases the number of in-depth case studies on tourism policy and clarifies issues in the policy process, but also stresses that there are multiple policy executions when a particular policy decision is implemented. Finally, it adds a layer of complexity to the ACF and calls for its re-examination when applied to a developing country.

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Various frameworks have been employed in the monitoring and evaluation of tourism impacts in protected areas (PAs). Aware of their limitations, this chapter adopts a longitudinal, stakeholder-driven approach to examine the emerging impacts to gateway communities near PAs in Batanes, the Philippines, as part of a larger initiative to establish a sustainable tourism observatory in the islands. Findings show perception of impacts to be interconnected with discourses on the role of tourism in development, conflicts over resource use and place identity, and reveal the strength of a discursive approach. Anchored in stakeholder engagement, eliciting factors that underlie tourism impacts in a PA include weak local governments with strong central administrations focused on maximizing economic growth over other concerns, such as sustainability, and robust place attachment driven by rootedness. They point to the importance of improving governance and raising the possibility of co-management as a mechanism to reform PA management.