BackgroundActivating mutations in KRAS are prevalent in lung cancer and have been causally linked to the oncogenic process. However, therapies targeted to oncogenic RAS have been ineffective to date and identification of KRAS targets that impinge on the oncogenic phenotype is warranted. Based on published studies showing that mitotic kinases Aurora A (AURKA) and B (AURKB) cooperate with oncogenic RAS to promote malignant transformation and that AURKA phosphorylates RAS effector pathway components, the aim of this study was to investigate whether AURKA and AURKB are KRAS targets in lung cancer and whether targeting these kinases might be therapeutically beneficial.MethodsIn order to determine whether oncogenic KRAS induces Aurora kinase expression, we used qPCR and western blotting in three different lung cell-based models of gain- or loss-of-function of KRAS. In order to determine the functional role of these kinases in KRAS-induced transformation, we generated KRAS-positive A549 and H358 cells with stable and inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of AURKA or AURKB and evaluated transformation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In order to validate AURKA and/or AURKB as therapeutically relevant KRAS targets in lung cancer, we treated A549 and H358 cells, as well as two different lung cell based models of gain-of-function of KRAS with a dual Aurora kinase inhibitor and performed functional in vitro assays.ResultsWe determined that KRAS positively regulates AURKA and AURKB expression. Furthermore, in KRAS-positive H358 and A549 cell lines, inducible knockdown of AURKA or AURKB, as well as treatment with a dual AURKA/AURKB inhibitor, decreased growth, viability, proliferation, transformation, and induced apoptosis in vitro. In addition, inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of AURKA in A549 cells decreased tumor growth in vivo. More importantly, dual pharmacological inhibiton of AURKA and AURKB reduced growth, viability, transformation, and induced apoptosis in vitro in an oncogenic KRAS-dependent manner, indicating that Aurora kinase inhibition therapy can specifically target KRAS-transformed cells.ConclusionsOur results support our hypothesis that Aurora kinases are important KRAS targets in lung cancer and suggest Aurora kinase inhibition as a novel approach for KRAS-induced lung cancer therapy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0494-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
In malignant transformation, cellular stress‐response pathways are dynamically mobilized to counterbalance oncogenic activity, keeping cancer cells viable. Therapeutic disruption of this vulnerable homeostasis might change the outcome of many human cancers, particularly those for which no effective therapy is available. Here, we report the use of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to demonstrate that further mitogenic activation disrupts cellular homeostasis and strongly sensitizes cancer cells to stress‐targeted therapeutic inhibitors. We show that FGF2 enhanced replication and proteotoxic stresses in a K‐Ras‐driven murine cancer cell model, and combinations of FGF2 and proteasome or DNA damage response‐checkpoint inhibitors triggered cell death. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated K‐Ras depletion suppressed the malignant phenotype and prevented these synergic toxicities in these murine cells. Moreover, in a panel of human Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cells, sublethal concentrations of bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) or VE‐821 (ATR inhibitor) induced cell death when combined with FGF2. Sustained MAPK‐ERK1/2 overactivation induced by FGF2 appears to underlie these synthetic lethalities, as late pharmacological inhibition of this pathway restored cell homeostasis and prevented these described synergies. Our results highlight how mitotic signaling pathways which are frequently overridden in malignant transformation might be exploited to disrupt the robustness of cancer cells, ultimately sensitizing them to stress‐targeted therapies. This approach provides a new therapeutic rationale for human cancers, with important implications for tumors still lacking effective treatment, and for those that frequently relapse after treatment with available therapies.
Objectives: The ability of tumor cells to drive angiogenesis is an important cancer hallmark that positively correlates with metastatic potential and poor prognosis. Therefore, targeting angiogenesis is a rational therapeutic approach and dissecting proangiogenic pathways is important, particularly for malignancies driven by oncogenic KRAS, which are widespread and lack effective targeted therapies. Based on published studies showing that oncogenic RAS promotes angiogenesis by upregulating the proangiogenic NF-κB target genes IL-8 and VEGF, that NF-κB activation by KRAS requires the IKKβ kinase, and that targeting IKKβ reduces KRAS-induced lung tumor growth in vivo, but has limited effects on cell growth in vitro, we hypothesized that IKKβ targeting would reduce lung tumor growth by inhibiting KRAS-induced angiogenesis. Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, we targeted IKKβ in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cell lines either by siRNA-mediated transfection or by treatment with Compound A (CmpdA), a highly specific IKKβ inhibitor, and used in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate angiogenesis.
A Deus, sem O qual nada em minha vida teria sentido. Por tantos momentos em que, quando tudo parecia estar perdido, Ele foi o único a estar ao meu lado e jamais me desamparar. Por ter sido Ele o meu refúgio e minha esperança em todos os momentos de angústia. Minha fonte de felicidade e paz em todos os momentos de vitória. Por todas as maravilhas alcançadas todos os dias em minha vida, e por sempre me conceder a oportunidade de aumentar a minha fé. À Professora Dra. Daniela Sanchez Bassères, por ter me recebido e me acolhido tão bem em seu laboratório, por todo apoio e confiança mútua depositados ao longo desses dois anos e meio de trabalho conjunto, por todo o seu conhecimento, dedicação e incentivo incondicional para que este trabalho pudesse ser concluído, e pela honra e privilégio de ter sido seu primeiro aluno a defender sua dissertação de Mestrado no Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo. À Amanda (Djula), por ter sido, dentre todos no laboratório, quem mais me apoiou e deu forças para que eu continuasse meu trabalho e não desistisse em tantos momentos difíceis.Por todo o seu carinho e palavras de apoio e incentivo quando eu mais precisei. Pelas nossas voltas pra casa, sempre cheias de muita conversa. Por saber como ninguém alegrar o meu dia apenas com a sua presença contagiante. Pelo "menino Ozorio", pelos ensinamentos de Amelie Poulain, pelas suas brigas, conselhos e pela amizade que construímos nesses dois anos em que nos conhecemos. À Aline (Lili), pelos inúmeros momentos de desabafo mútuo e amizade. Pelas nossas angústias compartilhadas e por todo o auxílio e brincadeiras em tantos momentos neste laboratório, pelas nossas promessas de passeios que nunca se realizaram. Pelos doces do grêmio e saudosos bolos da Dona Roseli, além de tantos conselhos que me renderam momentos sem igual, sobretudo nestes últimos dias.Ao Mateus, antigo membro do nosso grupo, pelas mentiras contadas, pelas brincadeiras, pelo apoio, auxílio e colaborações em inúmeros experimentos que foram apresentados ao longo deste trabalho, e por ter sido quem mais me ajudou, juntamente com a professora Daniela, nos primeiros momentos após minha chegada a este laboratório. À Viviane (Vivi), técnica do laboratório, e dona dos melhores conselhos, por ter me socorrido em tantos momentos de dificuldade e inexperiência no laboratório, e, acima de tudo, por sua ajuda em diversas ocasiões e por todas suas palavras de carinho que, apesar do pouco contato que passamos juntos, certamente ajudaram a me tornar uma pessoa melhor. À Thalita (Tag), com quem tantas vezes eu desabafei sobre minha vida, e quem sempre, com muito carinho e doçura, soube me confortar quando eu precisei. E por saber que ela vai cuidar de graça dos meus gatinhos, quando eu tiver alguns depois que ela se formar.Ao Fernando e à Renata, meus alunos de iniciação científica, com os quais tive o privilégio de trabalhar nestes últimos meses e a quem pude ensinar um pouco do eu tenho aprendido ao longo desses anos no laboratório da professora Daniela. E também por termos, apesa...
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