Introduction: Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in males in Nigeria, a country with the largest concentration of indigenous black patients worldwide. The disease has variable clinical behavior but is noted to have a more aggressive course in blacks. Prognostication is important in detecting which patients have tumours with aggressive invasive potential bringing about proper patient management. This study was carried out to assess the outcomes in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and the factors determining these outcomes. Material and Methods:This was a retrospective analysis of all histologically proven cases of prostate cancer at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria over a 10year period. Patients' demographic data, clinical condition and PSA at diagnosis and one year after, histologic diagnoses including Gleason's grade and score, AJCC Stage, as well as treatment regimen were extracted. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results:One hundred and eleven (111) cases were studied with mean age of 66.7 ± 10.6 years. Most patients (70.2%) were within the 60-79 year age group. Over 64% of patients presented with Gleason grades of 3 or 4 and over 46% of patients had Gleason scores of 6 or 7. Fifty five percent of patients had PSA values greater than 20ng/mL and among these patients mean PSA was 62.3 ng/mL ± 26.6. Over 64% had at least stage 2B disease and above, metastasis was found in over 20% of patients at presentation and the main drug patients were placed on was Antiandrogens. Metastasis at presentation was found to be more common with age less than 60 years, Gleason Grade greater than 3, Gleason Score greater than 6 and AJCC Stage greater than 2B. Better treatment outcomes were recorded in patients older than 60 years of age, without metastasis at presentation and with AJCC Stage 2B or less. No significant difference in outcomes was noted between Gleason Grade less than or above 3 or scores less than or above 6. Significant loss in data was recorded in the study. Conclusion:A significant proportion of patients in our environment still present with advanced disease. Routine screening for prostate cancer is recommended and efforts at improving access to imaging modalities and electronic medical records should be intensified if better results in the management of prostate cancer must be achieved.

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Prostate cancer incidence is on the rise worldwide with a significant number of patients being diagnosed with advanced disease. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is increasingly becoming important in the routine evaluation of patients with suspected prostate cancer because of improvements in its technology. The role of TRUS in the detection of suspicious lesions aside from its use in guiding prostate biopsies, has been brought to question by some studies. Thus study was done to correlate TRUS with histopathology of biopsy specimens so as to determine how accurate it is in diagnosing prostate cancer. Material and Methods: Adult male patients in whom digital rectal examination (DRE) findings indicated prostate biopsy underwent TRUS and subsequently had digitally-guided trucut sextant prostate biopsy. TRUS findings were then correlated with histopathology results. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and tests of correlation at 95% confidence limit, and p-value of ≤ 0.05 were conducted. Results: Forty five (45) adult male patients with mean age of 68.1 years and modal age group of 61-70 year were studied. The mean prostate volume was 88.5±70.0 cm 3. Over 71% of patients had prostate glands with mixed echogenic features distantly followed by isoechoic features (15.6%) (p > 0.01). Nearly 80% of the 32 patients who had mixed echogenic lesions had a histology of prostate cancer while all the patients with hyperechoic lesions had a benign histology. Conclusion: The cancer detection rate of TRUS was found to be 73.3% in this study. TRUS, though not an accurate test is still relevant in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Cervical cancer represents a huge burden of non-infectious disease globally. It is the second commonest cancer in the female. There are over half a million deaths recorded every year as result of cervical cancer. The aetiological agent implicated in this disease is the human Papillomavirus. The high-risk human papillomavirus has been mostly implicated. The commonest high-risk human papillomavirus implicated in cervical cancer worldwide is type 16 and 18. The viral infection of the uterine cervical epithelium initially causes the development of precancerous lesions referred to as cervical intraepithelial lesions/squamous intraepithelial lesions which take many years to progress into cancer. The Papanicoulao smear test done for the screening of precancerous cervical lesions has been known to be effective in preventing the disease. The commonest types of cervical cancer are the cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.