At the basis of an analysis of morphological and genetic variety, which was done by the polyacry lamyd gel electrophoresis method, the state of population genofond of the model species Chondrula tridens Müll. (the three toothed helix) was studied in conditions of urbanized the forest-steppe landscape of the southern Mid Russia Upland. In most of the studied groups, a real decrease of heterozigocity level is observed, as well as a decrease in allele diversity, which is caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The automatic genetic processes are considered in populations, and natural selection vectors are determined. The abundance of the studied groups is calculated.

Abstract-Based on the analysis of the morphological and genetic variability detected by the method of the protein gel electrophoresis in PAAG, the gene pool state of twelve adventive Helix pomatia L. grape snail pop ulations under the conditions of urbanized landscapes of south eastern and eastern parts of the modern area. According to the data obtained, most of the studied populations of this mollusk are in a satisfactory state. This is illustrated by the large values of their efficient numbers, the high level of heterozygosity, and decreased inbreeding. The structure of the population gene pools of the grape snail in the researched region is deter mined by their origin, genetic automatic processes, and microclimatic conditions of the urban environment.

In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of attention paid to the genetic health of domesticated animals and its relationship with the level of inbreeding and genetic diversity. At the same time, insufficient attention is still paid to the study of intrabreed genetic diversity and intrabreed stratification. The main goal of our work was to analyze the intra- and interbreed genetic diversity of commercial pig breeds on the basis of DNA microsatellite (MS-DNA) polymorphism. In total, the work used data for 3,308 pigs, which represented 11 herds. The animals belonged to four commercial pig breeds – Duroc (DR), Yorkshire (YR), Landrace (LN) and Large White (LW). 12 microsatellite loci recommended by ISAG-FAO and arranged in one multiplex panel (S0101, S0155, S0228, S0355, S0386, SW24, SW240, SW72, SW857, SW911, SW936, SW951) were used as DNA markers. When analyzing the intra- and interbreed variability of 11 herds, we found that all studied breeds significantly differed in terms of the proportion of both rare and the most common alleles. At the same time, the noted differences were determined, first of all, by the variability between individual herds within their breed. The location of herd centroids is random and is not consistent with their breed affiliation at all. When individuals belonging to the same breed are combined, the centroids of pig breeds in the space of first two axes from a Principal Coordinate Analysis form two clusters. The first one contains the only red pig breed (DR) used in the analysis, while the second one contains white pig breeds. In six pig herds the Ne estimates were below 50 inds., in two herds they were in the range of 50–100 inds., and finally in three herds the Ne estimates exceeded 100 inds. The analysis of the genetic variability of pigs of four commercial breeds showed that the high level of interbreed differences is caused, first of all, by the high variability among pig herds within each studied breed. Such intrabreed stratification can be formed due to the manifestation of many causes: different genetic basis of the founders of intrabreed genealogical groups, geographical isolation, different directions of selection within individual herds, exchange of animals between separate herds, the use of inbreeding in the practice of selection together with isolation, etc. Important consequences of intrabreed stratification are an increase in the level of interherd diversity (which is not lower than the level of interbreed diversity) against the background of a decrease in variability within individual herds, as well as a significant deficit of heterozygotes and an increase in the role of negative genetic and demographic processes. Thus, the existence of genetic heterogeneity within commercial pig breeds should be considered as an essential element in the history of their formation and breeding.

Выбор этого вида неслучаен. Кустарниковая улитка довольно крупный объ-ект (ширина раковины до 25 мм), обладает ярко выраженным полиморфизмом конхиологических и биохимических признаков, образует многочисленные ко-лонии, широко распространена на европейском континенте. В этой связи вид уже давно используется как объект мониторинга различных урбанизированных территорий (Матекин, Макеева, 1977; Зейферт, 1987; Хохуткин, 1997; Мате-кин и др., 2000; Макеева и др., 2005; Снегин, 1999, 2005а, б, 2006; Макеева, 2008). МатерИал И МетоДИка ИССлеДоВаНИЯДля сбора моллюсков на участке 2×2 м энтомологическим сачком про-водилось кошение. При этом в сачок попадались разновозрастные особи, сидящие на стеблях трав. Затем, на этом же участке вручную с почвы со-бирались моллюски, упавшие при кошении, а также находящиеся во время сбора в прикорневом ярусе. При небольшой плотности моллюсков размер участка увеличивали в два раза. В каждом исследуемом биоценозе делалось три или четыре выборки. Координаты выборок отмечали с помощью GPS навигатора Garmin 76. Общую площадь занимаемого улитками биотопа оп-ределяли по карте.В качестве генетических маркеров популяционной структуры нами были использованы менделирующие признаки, представленные в таблице 1.Экстракцию водорастворимых белков проводили из ретрактора ноги мол-люсков, путем замораживания при -80 °С с последующим оттаиванием и механическим измельчением тефлоновым гомогенизатором в 0,05 М трис-НСl-буфере (pH 6,7). Электорофорез изоферментов проводился в 10 % по-лиакриламидном геле в камере VE-3 («Helicon»). Гелевый трис-НCl-буфер (концентрирующий гель pH 6,7, разделяющий гель pН 8,9); электродный трис-глициновый-буфер (pН 8,3). Окрашивание блоков проводилось в суб-стратной смеси: трис-HCl (рH 7,4), α-нафтилацетат, прочный красный TR.

Abstract⎯Based on DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR), the state of gene pools of nineteen populations of the specially protected relict Helicopsis striata (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) species in conditions of the Central Russian Upland south was studied. The data obtained demonstrate a high degree of subdivision of the population (Ф st = 0.404, G st = 0.358) and an increased level of homozygosity in a number of groups inhabiting the industrial zone and steppe biotopes. A significant correlation between the intensity of the gene flow and geographical distances between populations (R = 0.571 ± 0.052) was registered; this corresponds to isolation by the distance model. The effective size values calculated based on the subdivision indices were significantly lower than the similar effective size of the background mollusk species.