Clinical scientists can use a continuum of registration efforts that vary in their disclosure and timing relative to data collection and analysis. Broadly speaking, registration benefits investigators by offering stronger, more powerful tests of theory with particular methods in tandem with better control of long-run false positive error rates. Registration helps clinical researchers in thinking through tensions between bandwidth and fidelity that surround recruiting participants, defining clinical phenotypes, handling comorbidity, treating missing data, and analyzing rich and complex data. In particular, registration helps record and justify the reasons behind specific study design decisions, though it also provides the opportunity to register entire decision trees with specific endpoints. Creating ever more faithful registrations and standard operating procedures may offer alternative methods of judging a clinical investigator's scientific skill and eminence because study registration increases the transparency of clinical researchers' work.

The emergent interpersonal syndrome (EIS) approach conceptualizes personality disorders as the interaction among their constituent traits to predict important criterion variables. We detail the difficulties we have experienced finding such interactive predictors in our empirical work on psychopathy, even when using uncorrelated traits that maximize power. Rather than explaining a large absolute proportion of variance in interpersonal outcomes, EIS interactions might explain small amounts of variance relative to the main effects of each trait. Indeed, these interactions may necessitate samples of almost 1,000 observations for 80% power and a false positive rate of .05. EIS models must describe which specific traits' interactions constitute a particular EIS, as effect sizes appear to diminish as higher-order trait interactions are analyzed. Considering whether EIS interactions are ordinal with non-crossing slopes or disordinal with crossing slopes, or entail nonlinear threshold or saturation effects may help researchers design studies, sampling strategies, and analyses to model their expected effects efficiently.

Dilute aqueous and methanolic solutions of di-t-butyl nitroxide have been studied by e.s.r. spectroscopy, and changes in the 14N hyperfine coupling constant and in the line-widths have been measured as a function of a range of added electrolytes.The results are discussed in terms of two equilibria, one involving the gain or loss of hydrogen bonds to the nitroxide oyxgen atom, and the other involving the formation of solvent shared units involving the cations, which result in changes in hydrogen-bond strengths. It is suggested that anions compete with RzNO molecules for (OH) groups and hence cause a decrease in A ( W ) whilst cations indirectly act as as a source of (OH) groups. This causes an increase in A(I4N) for methanolic solutions, but not for aqueous solutions, since virtually all the nitroxide molecules are already hydrogen bonded. For many 1 : 1 electrolytes these two competing effects almost cancel. However, for tetra-alkylammonium salts the anion effect dominates, whilst for sodium tetraphenylboron the cation effect dominates. For doubly and trebly charged cations, units of the type R 1 RzNO---HO---M"+ are thought to cause an increase in the strength of the hydrogen bonds, and a consequent extra increase in A(I4N). The results are discussed together with recent near infrared data for the same solutions.Line-width trends follow changes in A(14N) as previously observed for RzNO molecules in aqueous solvent mixtures. Differential line-broadening was observed at low temperatures being most marked for aqueous solutions of sodium tetraphenylboride. In contrast, methanolic solutions of this salt were quite normal. This anomalous result is discussed in terms of charge-transfer complex and clathrate cage formation.* Taken as " Solvation Spectra-Part 55.

Risk taking is a complex heterogeneous construct that has proven difficult to assess, especially when using behavioral tasks. We present an exploratory investigation of new measure–the Assessment of Physical Risk Taking (APRT). APRT produces a variety of different outcome scores and is designed as a comprehensive assessment of the probability of success and failure, and magnitude of reward and punishment of different types of simulated physically risky behaviors. Effects observed on the simulated behaviors are hypothesized to reflect similar effects on real world physical risks. Participants (N = 224) completed APRT in a laboratory setting, half of whom had a 1.5 s delay interposed between button presses. Exploratory analyses utilizing generalized estimating equations examined the main effects and two-way interactions among five within-subject factors, as well as two-way interactions between the within-subject factors and Delay across four APRT outcome scores. Results indicated that Injury Magnitude and Injury Probability exerted stronger effects than any of the other independent variables. Participants also completed several self-report measures of risk taking and associated constructs (e.g., sensation seeking), which were correlated with APRT scores to assess the preliminary convergent and divergent validity of the new measure. After correcting for multiple comparisons, APRT scores correlated with self-reported risk taking in thrilling, physically dangerous activities specifically, but only for those who did not have a delay between APRT responses. This promising exploratory investigation highlights the need for future studies comparing APRT to other behavioral risk taking tasks, examining the robustness of the observed APRT effects, and investigating how APRT may predict real-world physical risk taking.

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