Brief feedback sessions have been shown to reduce alcohol consumption in college student samples. However, these feedback sessions show mixed results in reducing negative consequences of alcohol consumption. Because the discussion of alcohol consequences is a component of feedback sessions, it was seen as important to evaluate the degree to which college students perceive these consequences as negative. The present study assessed college students' perceptions of positivity-negativity of alcohol-related consequences they experienced during the past year. The findings revealed college students' perceptions of positivity-negativity varied depending on the consequence that was assessed. Most consequences were considered negative by greater than 50% of the sample. There were six consequences that were not considered negative by the majority of the sample and of these, all were considered positive or neutral by greater than at least 50% of the sample. Finally, perceived positivity of the consequences were associated with higher weekly drinking patterns for vomiting, blackouts, regretted sex, late to work/class, skipping an evening meal, and being hungover. Results are discussed in reference to improving brief alcohol interventions for college students.

S ince the first case of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing the COVID-19 illness was diagnosed in the United States on January 20, 2020, 1 a steady stream of new policy measures have been enacted to protect the public from this growing pandemic. At the forefront of these efforts have been measures to limit interpersonal contact to prevent transmission of the virus. Social distancing, school closures, and the shuttering of nonessential businesses have already led to significant personal, social, and economic hardship. While it has been well publicized that older adults are at highest risk of serious illness and death from COVID-19, 2 they may also be at high risk for negative consequences from the measures being enacted to protect them from the viral threat. Healthcare providers should be aware that their older patients are now particularly vulnerable to social isolation, financial hardship, difficulties accessing needed care and supplies, and anxiety about

Clinical scientists can use a continuum of registration efforts that vary in their disclosure and timing relative to data collection and analysis. Broadly speaking, registration benefits investigators by offering stronger, more powerful tests of theory with particular methods in tandem with better control of long-run false positive error rates. Registration helps clinical researchers in thinking through tensions between bandwidth and fidelity that surround recruiting participants, defining clinical phenotypes, handling comorbidity, treating missing data, and analyzing rich and complex data. In particular, registration helps record and justify the reasons behind specific study design decisions, though it also provides the opportunity to register entire decision trees with specific endpoints. Creating ever more faithful registrations and standard operating procedures may offer alternative methods of judging a clinical investigator's scientific skill and eminence because study registration increases the transparency of clinical researchers' work.

Objective Pregaming (i.e., drinking alcohol prior to going out) is a common and risky drinking practice on college campuses. Yet, little is known about what motivates students to pregame as no motives measure exists specifically targeting pregaming. The current study describes the development and initial validation of a measure to assess motives for pregaming and to evaluate associations between these motives and pregaming behavior. Method In a multi-stage process using three different college samples, both qualitative (i.e., focus groups) and quantitative methods were used to derive the Pregaming Motives Measure (PGMM). After initial item generation (Stage I: N=43, 74% male) and refinement with exploratory factor analysis (Stage II: N=206, 61% male), a confirmatory factor analysis was performed to establish the structure of the PGMM (Stage III: N=321, 34% male). The pattern of associations of the derived factors, pregaming behavior, and general drinking motives were explored to provide evidence for initial construct validity. Last, the indirect effect of pregaming motives on alcohol problems via pregaming behavior was assessed. Results Findings indicated that the PGMM differed both in content from general drinking motives and that the PGMM items generated load on factors labeled Inebriation/Fun, Instrumentality, and Social Ease. Moreover, the Inebriation/Fun and Instrumentality motives were significantly associated with pregaming behavior. PGMM motives also both directly and indirectly predicted alcohol-related consequences. Conclusions Findings corroborate other data on pregaming, suggesting that this behavior may be driven by desires for quick inebriation and conviviality and related to problems only via increased drinking. The PGMM offers targeted assessment of pregaming and other social drinking behavior that can lead to deleterious outcomes.

ABSTRACT. Objective: Pregaming (drinking before a social occasion) predicts alcohol consequences between persons; people who pregame report greater consequences than those who do not. The present study examined within-person associations between pregaming and daily consequences. Method: Participants were college students (N = 44; 50% female) reporting past-month pregaming. Daily drinks consumed (during pregaming and across the entire drinking episode) and alcohol consequences were assessed with a 30-day Timeline Followback interview. Results: Within individuals, engaging in pregaming predicted consequences experienced on a given day above and beyond the number of drinks consumed across the drinking episode and typical drinking level. Furthermore, there was a trend toward pregaming placing women at more risk for consequences than men. Conclusions: Findings support a context-specifi c risk for consequences that is conferred by pregaming and that is independent of how much drinking occurs across the drinking episode. Results highlight pregaming as a target for future interventions. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 74, 757-764, 2013) Received: December 18, 2012. Revision: March 21, 2013. This research was supported by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant R01AA016564 (to Jennifer P. Read).*Correspondence may be sent to Jennifer E. Merrill at the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, BOX G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, or via email at: Jennifer_Merrill@brown.edu. H EAVY DRINKING AND ASSOCIATED alcoholrelated consequences among college students continue to present a public health concern (Hingson et al., 2005(Hingson et al., , 2009. Therefore, examinations of specifi c contexts or drinking behaviors that are associated with alcohol-related consequences are needed. Such work may serve to identify those students most in need of interventions and may help uncover important intervention targets. One specifi c drinking behavior that has been a recent focus of the literature is pregaming. Pregaming, also referred to as prepartying or preloading, is a pervasive and risky drinking practice among college students that commonly involves drinking large quantities of alcohol in a compressed period before a planned social occasion . The current research on pregaming, albeit limited, indicates that this drinking practice places students at risk for experiencing more alcohol-related consequences (Pedersen and LaBrie, 2007;Read et al., 2010). In the present study, we extend this literature by using daily data analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine whether, within persons, pregaming (the practice of consuming alcohol before going out for the night or before a function has started) is associated with subsequent alcohol-related consequences at the daily level, above and beyond (a) the amount of drinking across the drinking day and (b) between-person infl uences of typical drinking behavior. We also examined whether the association betw...