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Elevated histamine (HTM) levels are closely linked to food poisoning as well as to pathophysiological allergic diseases. In this study, HTM-imprinted, solution-processable microspheres were prepared via high-dilution conventional thermal polymerization (CTP) and controlled radical polymerization (CRP) using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (80 or 90 wt %) and methacrylic acid at 60 °C in acetonitrile and evaluated as recognition materials for sensing applications. The polymers were selective to HTM in binding studies, cross-rebinding, and competitive binding assays against the HTM analogues histidine, imidazole, and tryptamine. The selective binding capacity was significantly higher with CTP-80 (on the basis of mass: 21.0 μmol/g and surface area: 8.08 × 10–2 μmol/m2) than that with both CTP-90 (8.47 μmol/g, 4.49 × 10–2 μmol/m2) and CRP-80 (9.00 μmol/g, 1.19 × 10–2 μmol/m2).

The developments on frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FACE) from 2012 to 2017 to study interactions of simple and complex systems are reviewed. Most research papers focused on therapeutic drug-related studies; however, other studies include chemical sensing, drug delivery, inhibitor screening and capillary coating. New ligand-substrate systems such as template-molecularly imprinted polymer systems were reported. Comparison of FACE with other analytical techniques used to investigate binding interaction, and the determination of binding parameters using different isotherm models are also covered. In 2017, eight research papers were reported including new detection by ESI-MS. Future research direction of FACE may include high sensitivity detection and throughput screening of drugs, natural products and biomarkers for clinical diagnosis.

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