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Statement of Problem Acrylic teeth are preferred to porcelain teeth in dentures as they unite chemically with denture base resin, but their fracture from denture is common. Purpose The purpose of this study was to improve the bond strength of denture teeth to acrylic resin denture base by chemical or mechanical modification of the ridge lap surface of denture teeth. Materials and Methods Total 100 artificial cross-linked acrylic resin central incisors were divided into five groups: group A, 20 samples without modification (control group); group B, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with monomer); group C, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with monomer and the glaze layer removed with aluminum oxide abrasive stone); group D, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with dichloromethane); and group E, 20 samples (dichloromethane application followed by abrasion with aluminum oxide stone on ridge lap surface of teeth). They were mounted on wax blocks, and the blocks were acrylized. The bond strength values were obtained by subjecting the samples to shear compressive load under universal testing machine. Result The results were subjected to statistical analysis by applying analysis of variance and Bonferroni test for multiple group comparisons, and graphs were plotted. The mean value of bond strength was highest for group E (modified by aluminum oxide abrasion prior to dichloromethane application), followed by group C (modified by aluminum oxide abrasion prior to monomer application), group D (modified by dichloromethane application), group B (modified by monomer application), and lastly group A (control group). Significantly improved bond strength values were obtained in modified groups as compared with the control group. Conclusion Dichloromethane application followed by aluminum oxide abrasion provided the highest bond strength and is recommended to prevent debonding of the teeth from the denture base.

Background: Little is known whether electronic cigarettes (ECIG) increase vulnerability to future atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We determined, using an ex vivo mechanistic atherogenesis assay, whether proatherogenic changes including monocyte transendothelial migration and monocyte-derived foam cell formation are increased in people who use ECIGs. Methods: In a cross-sectional single-center study using plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy participants who are nonsmokers or with exclusive use of ECIGs or tobacco cigarettes (TCIGs), autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells with patient plasma and pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy nonsmokers with patient plasma were utilized to dissect patient-specific ex vivo proatherogenic circulating factors present in plasma and cellular factors present in monocytes. Our main outcomes were monocyte transendothelial migration (% of blood monocyte cells that undergo TEM through a collagen gel) and monocyte-derived foam cell formation as determined by flow cytometry and the median fluorescence intensity of the lipid-staining fluorochrome BODIPY in monocytes of participants in the setting of an ex vivo model of atherogenesis. Results: Study participants (n=60) had median age of 24.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 22.0–25.0 years), and 31 were females. Monocyte transendothelial migration was increased in people who exclusively used TCIGs (n=18; median [IQR], 2.30 [ 1.29–2.82]; P <0.001) and in people who exclusively used ECIGs (n=21; median [IQR], 1.42 [ 0.96–1.91]; P <0.01) compared with nonsmoking controls (n=21; median [IQR], 1.05 [0.66–1.24]). Monocyte-derived foam cell formation was increased in people who exclusively used TCIGs (median [IQR], 2.01 [ 1.59–2.49]; P <0.001) and in people who exclusively used ECIGs (median [IQR], 1.54 [ 1.10–1.86]; P <0.001) compared with nonsmokers controls (median [IQR], 0.97 [0.86–1.22]). Both monocyte transendothelial migration and monocyte-derived foam cell formation were higher in TCIG smokers compared with ECIG users and in ECIG users who were former smokers versus ECIG users who were never smokers ( P <0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: The finding of alterations in proatherogenic properties of blood monocytes and plasma in TCIG smokers compared with nonsmokers validates this assay as a strong ex vivo mechanistic tool with which to measure proatherogenic changes in people who use ECIGs. Similar yet significantly less severe alterations in proatherogenic properties of monocytes and plasma were detected in the blood from ECIGs users. Future studies are necessary to determine whether these findings are attributable to a residual effect of prior smoking or are a direct effect of current ECIG use.

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The aims& objectives of this study was to evaluate and establish the following two clinical parameters and the influence of gender on these parameters i.e. 1) To evaluate and establish the Gingival Zenith Position (GZP) fromVertical Bisected Midline (VBM) axis of each maxillary incisor and canine. 2)To evaluate the Gingival Zenith Level (GZL) in an apical coronal direction of the lateral incisors relative to the gingival line joining the tangents of the gingival zenith of the adjacent central incisor and canine under healthy conditions.3) To compare the Gingival Zenith Position(GZP) and Gingival Zenith Level(GZL) in male and female subjects. Materials and Methods: Two hundred young adults (100 males and 100 females) within the age group of 21 to 30 years with healthy gingiva were randomly selected with proper inclusion and exclusion criterias. Alginate impressions of the maxillary arch of the selected subjects were made in stock trays and poured in type III dental stone. A digital calliper with a light emitting diode (LED) display was used to measure 2 sites per tooth of the anterior maxillary teeth on the respective stone casts. . Reference lines were drawn on the stone casts with indelible marking pencil using 2.5 magnification optical loupes. The proximal incisal contact area position and the apical contact area position served as the reference points to define the tooth width. Each width was divided in half, and the centre point were marked. Centre points were extended to a line toward the gingival aspect of the clinical crown to define the Vertical Bisected Midline (VBM). The most apical point of the free gingival margin was marked as gingival zenith. The distance of the gingival zenith to the VBM was measured. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The Gingival Zenith Positions of all three teeth i.e. central incisor, lateral incisor and canine lies distally to the vertical bisected midline without any gender bias. The Gingival Zenith Level in an apical-coronal direction of lateral incisors relative to the gingival tangential zenith line joining adjacent central incisor and canine was approximately 0.84 mm placed coronally under healthy conditions.