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Mannheimia haemolytica infection is one of the most common etiologic agents of sheep pneumonia almost all over the world. Ovine pneumonic Mannheimiosis is characterized by severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Subacute to chronic cases progress to purulent bronchopneumonia and its squeals include abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions. In the present study, lungs of 8986 sheep were inspected grossly in the Ahvaz abattoir and totally 65 lungs with visible signs of bronchopneumonia were selected for pathological and bacteriological examinations. Mannheimia haemolytica antigens were detected in 63.07% of immunoperoxidase stained tissue sections while 52.30% of the lungs were positive in bacteriological culture. Suppurative, necrotic and fibrinous types of bronchopneumonia were the most abundant lesions and right cranial lobes, specifically their cranial portions, were the most affected areas. McNemar test showed a significant difference between the diagnostic power of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bacterial culture in detection of M. haemolytica (κ=0.66). Considering IHC as a golden test, sensitivity and specificity of bacterial culture were estimated as 78.05 and 91.67%, respectively. Chi-squared test showed significant correlations between the distribution of the lesions and bacterial isolation (P=0.04), types of lesions and IHC results (P=0.01), and also types of bronchopneumonia and mixed/pure isolation (P=0.008). This study showed the significant role of Mannheimia haemolytica in causing pneumonic lesions of studied sheep. Keywords

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of quercetin and its immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative activity against Leishmania major (L. major). Methods: L. major promastigotes and amastigotes were incubated with different concentrations of quercetin to estimate EC50. For in vivo study, the base of tails of mice was infected with L. major. After developing ulcers in the inoculation site, mice were treated with 50 mg/kg quercetin orally for 28 consecutive days. The wound-healing potential of quercetin was evaluated by histopathological analysis of tissue sections stained by hematoxylin and eosin as well as Masson's trichrome. In addition, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, malondialdehyde, and adiponectin, the ferric reducing ability of plasma, as well as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. Results: The EC50 values of quercetin against L. major promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were 0.27 and 0.85 μM, respectively. Histopathological analysis showed that fewer inflammatory cells, more fibroblasts, and more collagen deposition were observed in tissue sections of quercetin-treated mice. In addition, treatment with quercetin markedly increased glutathione peroxidase activity, the ferric reducing ability of plasma and adiponectin levels while decreasing malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. Conclusions: Quercetin shows anti-leishmanial activity, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it may be further explored as an effective drug in treating leishmaniasis.