No abstract

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEPrescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has a broad interest in oxidizing-agent and photoactivated oxidizing agents that, when applied to textiles and other materials, will act as broad spectrum antimicrobials. For this project, poly(styrene-trimethylammonium triiodide) was incorporated into filtration devices to augment filtration. The overall goal of the project is to replace existing HEPA media with an antimicrobial membrane for both individual protection and collective protection devices. In this report we investigate the microbial efficacy of an iodinated Clip-On prototype and a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) carbon-HEPA aerosol canister. Our data indicate that the Clip-On, in series with a COTS canister provides an additional 2 logs of attenuation vs. a standard COTS canister when challenged with MS2 coliphage. ABSTRACT The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has a broad interest in oxidizing agent and photo activated oxidizing agents that when applied to textiles and other materials will act as broad spectrum antimicrobials. For this project poly(styrene-trimethylammonium triiodide) was incorporated into filtration devices to augment filtration. The overall goal of the project is to replace existing high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) media with the antimicrobial membrane for both individual protection and collective protection devices. In this report we investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of an iodinated clip-on prototype and a commercial-off-the-shelf carbon HEPA aerosol canister (COTS). Our data indicate that the clip-on, in conjunction with a COTS canister, provide an additional three logs of protection versus a standard COTS canister when challenged with MS2 coliphage. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

Hydration rates of quadricyclane were measured over a pH range of 3 to 8 in phosphate buffer, carbonate buffer, and nitric acid solutions. Norbornadiene was a minor impurity in the quadricyclane, and its hydration rate was also measured. Hydration products were exo-5-norbornen-2-ol (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-ol) and nortricyclyl alcohol (tricyclo[2.2.1.0 3,5 ]heptane-2-ol). Diol formation was not detected. Quadricyclane hydration in solutions containing chloride ions formed the alcohols and their chlorinated analogs. A mechanism consistent with observed kinetics and reaction products involving two carbocation intermediates is proposed. Comparison of reaction rates was used to determine the role of buffer catalysis and chlorination reactions in natural waters. Phosphate buffer catalysis was shown to be important, and rate constants for all phosphate species were calculated. Comparison of hydration rates in nitric acid and carbonate buffer indicated that catalysis by carbonate species for this reaction is unimportant in surface waters. Catalytic effects of other buffers in some natural waters appear possible. Proper buffer selection is important if laboratorymeasured hydration rates of quadricyclane are to be applied to natural water systems.

Hydration rates of quadricyclane were measured over a pH range of 3 to 8 in phosphate buffer, carbonate buffer, and nitric acid solutions. Norbornadiene was a minor impurity in the quadricyclane, and its hydration rate was also measured. Hydration products were exo-5-norbornen-2-ol (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-ol) and nortricyclyl alcohol (tricyclo[2.2.1.0 ]heptane-2-ol). Diol formation was not detected. Quadricyclane hydration in solutions containing chloride ions formed the alcohols and their chlorinated analogs. A mechanism consistent with observed kinetics and reaction products involving two carbocation intermediates is proposed. Comparison of reaction rates was used to determine the role of buffer catalysis and chlorination reactions in natural waters. Phosphate buffer catalysis was shown to be important, and rate constants for all phosphate species were calculated. Comparison of hydration rates in nitric acid and carbonate buffer indicated that catalysis by carbonate species for this reaction is unimportant in surface waters. Catalytic effects of other buffers in some natural waters appear possible. Proper buffer selection is important if laboratorymeasured hydration rates of quadricyclane are to be applied to natural water systems.