This study shows that food animals are a major reservoir of E. coli with multidrug resistance to many antibiotics that are ranked as critically important in human medicine.

Aims: To investigate plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance related to fosA3 in Escherichia coli isolates collected from different animals in Hong Kong, China, 2008. Methods and Results: In total, 2106 faecal specimens from 210 cattle, 214 pigs, 460 chickens, 398 stray cats, 368 stray dogs and 456 wild rodents were cultured. The faecal colonization rates of fosfomycin-resistant E. coli were as follows: 11Á2% in pigs, 8Á6% in cattle, 7Á3% in chickens, 2Á4% in dogs, 0Á8% in cats and 1Á5% in rodents. The cultures yielded 1693 isolates of which 831 were extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL) producers. Fosfomycin-resistant isolates were more likely than fosfomycin-susceptible isolates to be producers of ESBL and to have resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin and tetracycline. Of the 101 fosfomycin-resistant isolates, 97 (96Á0%) isolates were fosA3 positive and 94 (93Á1%) were bla CTX-M positive. PCR mapping showed that the fosA3-containing regions were flanked by IS26, both upstream and downstream in 81 (83Á5%) isolates, and by an upstream bla CTX-M-14 -containing transposon-like structure (DISEcp1-bla CTX-M-14 -DIS903

The study documented the community emergence of CTX-M as the predominant ESBL type among urinary isolates from women. The spread of CTX-M enzymes among isolates from young women is concerning and deserves close monitoring.

A total of 1878 non-duplicate clinical Escherichia coli isolates (comprising 1711 urinary isolates and 167 blood-culture isolates), which were collected from multiple centres in Hong Kong during 1996Kong during -2008, were used to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of plasmidmediated fosfomycin (fos) resistance genes. Eighteen of the 1878 clinical E. coli isolates were fosfomycin resistant, of which six were fosA3 positive and two were positive for another fosA variant (designated fosKP96). No isolates had the fosC2 gene. The clones of the eight isolates were diverse: sequence type (ST) 95 (n52), ST118 (n51), ST131 (n51), ST617 (n51), ST648 (n51), ST1488 (n51) and ST2847 (n51). In the isolates, fosA3 and bla CTX-M genes were coharboured on conjugative plasmids with F2:A":B" (n52), N (n51), F-:A":B1 and N (n51) and untypable (n52) replicons. Both fosKP96-carrying plasmids belonged to replicon N. RFLP analysis showed that the two F2:A":B" plasmids carrying fosA3 and bla CTX-M-3 genes shared the same pattern. Complete sequencing of one of the two F2:A":B" plasmids, pFOS-HK151325 (69 768 bp) demonstrated it to be .99 % identical to the previously sequenced plasmid pHK23a originating from a pig E. coli isolate in the same region. This study demonstrated the dissemination of fosA3 genes in diverse E. coli clones on multiple bla CTX-M -carrying plasmid types, of which F2:A":B" plasmids closely related to pHK23a were shared by isolates from human and animal sources.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae represents a major public health issue. This study investigated the clonality and resistance mechanisms of 92 carbapenem-resistant E. coli (n = 21) and K. pneumoniae (n = 71) isolates collected consecutively from clinical specimens and patients at high risk of carriage between 2010 and 2012 in a healthcare region in Hong Kong. Combined disk tests (CDTs) and the Carba NP test were used for phenotypic detection of carbapenemases. PCR assays were used to detect carbapenemase genes. All isolates were intermediate or resistant to at least one carbapenem. Nine (9.8 %) isolates were genotypic carbapenemase producers and included six K. pneumoniae (one ST1306/bla IMP-4, one ST889/bla IMP-4, two ST11/bla KPC-2, one ST258/bla KPC-2, one ST483/bla NDM-1) and three E. coli (one ST131/bla IMP-4, two ST744/ bla NDM-1) isolates. All nine isolates carrying carbapenemase genes could be detected by the CDTs and the Carba NP test. PCR identified bla CTX-M and bla AmpC alone or in combination in 77.8 % (7/9) and 96.4 % (80/83) of the carbapenemase-producers and non-producers, respectively. Porin loss was detected in 22.2 % (2/9) and 59.0 % (49/83) of the carbapenemase-producers and non-producers, respectively. Overall, the E. coli clones were diverse (14 different STs), but 36.6 % (26/71) of the K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to ST11. In conclusion, the prevalence of carbapenemases among carbapenem-nonsusceptible E. coli and K. pneumoniae remained low in Hong Kong. Porin loss combined with AmpC and/or CTX-M type ESBL was the major mechanism of carbapenem resistance in the study population.