Purpose-An increase in the number of disruptive and violent events on college and university campuses instigated this review of the methods used to interrupt the trend, with the goal of identifying a preliminary model for systematic management of such threats. The intent is to instigate research, review and discussion in order to decrease the number and severity of threatening incidents on college campuses. Design/methodology/approach-Thorough review of plans from primary and secondary education, plans in use in higher education, literature on risk and threat assessment, literature on "whistle blowers", and of violent events on college campuses was used to construct a model. Findings-It was found that, in terms of managing and reducing threats to people who study, live and work in post-secondary educational institutions, insufficient attention has been given to the unique needs of this setting and therefore efforts to mitigate threats have been insufficient. The investigation resulted in the development of a model of assessment and management of threats on university and college campuses. Research limitations/implications-College campus threat assessment research is very much in its infancy and will certainly develop over time. This paper is the first step in an effort to develop and ultimately test the plausibility of a model. Future research should be pursued to determinewhether the model holds up under a majority of situations on college campuses. Those involved in threat mitigation in university settings should be queried to determine their agreement with the proposed framework and for assistance in refining it. Originality/value-This paper presents suggestions for the systematic management of threats and mitigation in university settings.

Using Web-based Peer benchmarking to manage the client-based Project david raska, eileen Weisenbach keller, and doris shawThe complexities of integrating client-based projects into marketing courses provide challenges for the instructor but produce richness of context and active learning for the student. This paper explains the integration of Web-based peer benchmarking as a means of improving student performance on clientbased projects within a single semester in undergraduate consumer insight courses. Furthermore, the paper provides empirical evidence for the effect of this innovative method on students' deeper learning, as measured by the method's capability to improve students' motivation to learn. david raska

Are nonprofits (NPOs) exhibiting the brand orientation believed to be critical to successful outcomes? To answer this question, we investigate the brand orientation and brand management of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), American Red Cross (ARC), and The Salvation Army to assess the implementation of brand concepts in two different locations within the USA compared to each agency's central body. Despite the support of some propositions, there exists inconsistent evidence of strong brand management in the organizations studied. The variation of brand visuals, missions, and taglines indicates that good structure, policy, and guidelines are not enough. There must be true brand orientation, which includes oversight of consistent application of all brand constructs to achieve organizational goals. This study provides a framework upon which future in‐depth empirical research may be based. The authors outline these next steps as a foundation for enhancing the study and practice of brand management in NPOs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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This chapter addresses the issue of higher education institution policies and procedures in regard to background checks for students, staff, and faculty in light of homeland security concerns.