Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive, non-motile, catalase and coagulase positive, facultative anaerobe coccus is a common type of bacteria that normally lives on the skin and nasal passages of healthy people. Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which includes many other herbs, and is one of two species in the genus Rosmarinus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Rosemary (R. officinalis L.) essential oils against Staphylococcus spp. Fourteen clinical isolates of Staphylococcus were cultured from patients. The disc diffusion method was used for determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oil. Results showed that this inhibitory effect is dose-dependent, to wit, by increasing the concentration of the extract in the culture media, reduction in growth was obviously revealed. In conclusion, it can be stated that rosemary essential oils have inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus spp.

Staphylococcus aureus, a gram positive, non-motile, catalase and coagulase positive, facultative anaerobe coccus is a common type of bacteria that normally lives on the skin and nasal passages of healthy people. The genus Achillea (Asteraceae) was named after the mythological Greek warrior Achilles who used Achillea species for healing wounded-soldiers during the Trojan war. The genus Achillea comprises of ~85 species, most of which are endemic to Europe and the Middle East. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effects of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) essential oils against Staphylococcus spp., fourteen clinical isolates of Staphylococcus cultured from patients. The disc diffusion method was used for determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oil. Results showed that this inhibitory effect is dose-dependent to wit, by increasing the concentration of the extract in the culture media; reduction in growth was obviously revealed. In conclusion, it can be stated that yarrow essential oils have inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus spp.

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Problem statement: Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulphonic acid is an essential amino acid. It is present at high concentrations in many tissues. It plays important roles in numerous physiological functions including conjugation with bile acids, modulation of calcium levels and maintenance of osmolarity, antioxidation and stabilization of membranes. Methotrexate (MTX), as the most disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug used for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), has been available for clinical use since 1951. The main scope of this study was to assessment of probable Hepatoprotective effect of taurine as it antioxidant action against oxidative stress due to methotrexate in rats. Approach: Eighty male Wistar rats, weighing 200±20 gr, were obtained from the animal breeding center of Islamic Azad University. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups of 20 animals including: 1-normal control, 2-normal rats treated with taurine, 3-taurine + methotrexate and 4-methotrexate. Results: Methotrexateinduced hepatotoxicity as reflected by elevated serum ALT, AST and GGT levels (p<0.001) and reduced serum total protein level (p<0.001). Conclusion: Taurine has a protective action against hepatotoxins and suggest that taurine may find clinical application against a variety of toxins where cellular damage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species.