Experimental observations for the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) system in inversion indicate that the measured capacitance (C) and conductance (G or G m ), are uniquely related through two functions of the alternating current angular frequency (ω). The peak value of the first function (G/ω) is equal to the peak value of the second function (−dC/dlog e (ω) ≡ −ωdC/dω). Moreover, these peak values occur at the same angular frequency (ω m ), that is, the transition frequency. The experimental observations are confirmed by physics-based simulations, and applying the equivalent circuit model for the MOS system in inversion, the functional relationship is also demonstrated mathematically and shown to be generally true for any MOS system in inversion. The functional relationship permits the discrimination between high interface state densities and genuine surface inversion. The two function peak values are found to be equal to C 2 ox /(2(C ox + C D )) where C ox is the oxide capacitance per unit area and C D is the semiconductor depletion capacitance in inversion. The equal peak values of the functions, and their observed symmetry relation about ω m on a logarithmic ω plot, opens a new route to experimentally determining C ox . Finally, knowing ω m permits the extraction of the minority carrier generation lifetime in the bulk of the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layer. IndexTerms-Al 2 O 3 , capacitance, conductance, III-V, In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As, interface state defects, inversion, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) system, minority carrier generation lifetime, oxide capacitance, semiconductor quality.

Cisplatin administration causes depression of renal haemodynamic and excretory functionand is associated with renal sympatho-excitation and loss of baroreflex regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). This study investigated whether administration of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in this cisplatin-mediated renal injury model could restore, or the acute intra-renal infusion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-) could blunt, the high-or low-pressure baroreflex control of RSNA. Groups of control and cisplatin-treated (5 mg kg −1 , I.P. on day 0) rats received either saline or tacrolimus (0.25 mg kg −1 day −1 , I.P.) for 7 days prior to study. Rats were anaesthetised and prepared for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and RSNA. Baroreflex gain curves were generated and the degree of renal sympatho-inhibition determined (area under the curve (AUC) reported as %RSNA min) during acute volume expansion. Intrarenal TNF-infusion (0.3 µg kg −1 h −1 ) in control rats decreased baroreflex gain by 32% (P < 0.05) compared to intra-renal saline infusion. In the cisplatin group (MAP: 98 ± 14 mmHg; HR: 391 ± 24beats min −1 ), the baroreflex gain for RSNA was 39% (P < 0.05) lower than that for the control group (MAP: 91 ± 7 mmHg; HR: 382 ± 29 beats min −1 ).In cisplatin-treated rats given daily tacrolimus (MAP: 84 ± 12 mmHg; HR: 357 ± 30 beats min −1 ), the baroreflex gain and renal sympatho-inhibition (AUC, 2440 ± 1071 vs. 635 ± 498% min) were restored to normal values. These findings provide evidence for the view that cisplatin administration initiates an injury involving inflammation which may contribute to the deranged baroreflex regulation of RSNA. This phenomenon appears mediated in part via the renal innervation. K E Y W O R D S baroreflex, cisplatin, renal nerves, renal sympathetic nerve activity, tacrolimus, TNF-1 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/eph Experimental Physiology. 2019;104:1726-1736.

Background: Children with Down syndrome have speech and language difficulties that are disproportionate to their overall intellectual ability and relative strengths in the use of gesture. Shared book reading between parents and their children provides an effective context in which language development can be facilitated. However, children with Down syndrome often take a passive role in shared book reading and the use of key word signing (KWS) as a shared book reading technique has never been investigated. Aims: This study aimed to compare children with Down syndrome's participation and use of KWS across two methods of shared book reading -one in which a book had key-word sign prompts embedded (signed condition) and the other in which a book was read as normal (unsigned condition). Measures of child and parent communicative behaviour were taken in each condition to establish if differences emerged. Methods & Procedures:A total of 36 children with Down syndrome (aged between 18 and 61 months) and their mothers took part in the study. Parentchild dyads were videoed at home reading two books, one in a signed and one in an unsigned condition. Child measures included total number of signs produced in each condition and levels of attention and initiation as measured by the Pivotal Behaviour Rating Scale. Parent measures included total number of utterances, mean length of utterance (MLU) in morphemes and vocabulary diversity (VOCD). Parental measures were transcribed using the Codes for Human Analysis Transcripts (CHAT) software and analysed by the Computerised Language Analysis software (CLAN). Contrasts in outcomes between the signed and unsigned conditions were estimated using Poisson and linear mixed-effects models, determined by the type of data.