Thermal climate in university buildings may be associated with both perceptions and physiological signs. Reduced night time air temperature, increased difference in air temperature between day and night, and fast changes in air temperature might impair indoor environment. This may have implication for energy-saving policies. It might be difficult to identify the exposure behind, and find the reason why, some buildings are defined as 'problem buildings'.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue regenerating and biomechanical properties of processed eggshell membrane powder (PEP) for use in 3D-scaffolds. PEP is a low-cost, natural biomaterial with beneficial bioactive properties. Most importantly, this material is available as a by-product of the chicken egg processing (breaking) industry on a large scale, and it could have potential as a low-cost ingredient for therapeutic scaffolds. Scaffolds consisting of collagen alone and collagen combined with PEP were produced and analyzed for their mechanical properties and the growth of primary fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Mechanical testing revealed that a PEP/collagen-based scaffold increased the mechanical hardness of the scaffold compared with a pure collagen scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an interconnected porous structure for both scaffolds, and that the PEP was evenly distributed in dense clusters within the scaffold. Fibroblast and skeletal muscle cells attached, were viable and able to proliferate for 1 and 2 weeks in both scaffolds. The cell types retained their phenotypic properties expressing phenotype markers of fibroblasts (TE7, alpha-smooth muscle actin) and skeletal muscle (CD56) visualized by immunostaining. mRNA expression of the skeletal muscle markers myoD, myogenin, and fibroblasts marker (SMA) together with extracellular matrix components supported viable phenotypes and matrix-producing cells in both types of scaffolds. In conclusion, PEP is a promising low-cost, natural biomaterial for use in combination with collagen as a scaffold for 3D-tissue engineering to improve the mechanical properties and promote cellular adhesion and growth of regenerating cells.

An unexpected failure or outage of one or multiple system components can cause a new operational situation that requires remedial actions. An important remedial action to model correctly is islanding. Finding the transient stability of an island is computationally heavy, and it may be necessary with a tradeoff between speed and accuracy in the classification of island stability. This is especially the case if one has to perform a large number of simulations.In this paper, a decision tree based ensemble method is used to predict the stability of islands in the power system during a contingency event. A comparison study shows that the trained model can contribute with a large reduction in time spent on the transient stability assessment, while being substantially more accurate than a static power flow simulation.

The electrification of the energy sector challenges the conventional methods to meet the increased load demand. The rapid increase of electric vehicles and the desire for shorter charging time at fast charging stations (FCS) contributes to higher power peaks in local distribution grids. This may lead to capacity issues, where a battery storage can be considered as an alternative to reinforcing the grid. This paper proposes a novel optimisation model including degradation that minimises operational costs for an actual FCS in Norway with a battery system. A case study is performed, where installing a battery system is compared to traditional grid reinforcement. The result of the case study shows that the total cost was 0.9 million NOK 1 higher for installing a BESS than reinforcing the grid, which corresponds to 44 % of the battery investment cost. Sensitivity analyses are done on time step, grid tariffs and degradation. The sensitivity analysis on degradation shows that calendar aging dominates battery degradation.