In all countries, oil exploration and use threatens the health of the environment and living creatures including humans. An oil spill is the release of petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment. One of the most applicable and safe method is the bioremediation treatment, using microorganisms .This work aims at treating oil spills in fresh water and to compile information on types and properties of biosurfactant. It also describes factors affecting these biosufactants production. Different screening methods e.g. oil spreading assay, Emulsification index (E24), Drop collapse assay, Blood agar test, Hemolysis, MaCconkey agar test were tested. Two isolates gave highly Emulsification tests named O3, O11, which were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis respectively, were isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated water. Optimization of two isolates were done and highest biosurfactant activity at temperature ranges from 10 oC to 50 oC and pH ranges from 3 to 10 and salinity ranges from 0%to 30%. Also, the biosurfactant was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and surface tension measurement. FTIR showed the production of biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis similar to surfactin, while the biosurfactant from Bacillus licheniformis similar to lichenysins. The use of microbial biosurfactants significantly decreases the hydrophobicity and increases the rate of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Biosurfactants obtain

Background: Surgical site infections are the commonest type of healthcare-associated infections in patients undergoing surgery, with higher overall cost and prolonged duration of hospital stay, although they are largely preventable. Objectives:The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of surgical site infections at Mansoura Gastrointestinal Surgical Center amongst patients undergoing colonic, pancreatic and rectal surgery, also to determine bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of obtained isolates.Methods: Between May 2019 and April 2020, swabs were collected from infected surgical wounds. Microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were done by Vitek 2 system. All the data were collected using national electronic data surveillance system (NEDSS) developed by CDC and implemented by an active infection control team inside the hospital. Results:The mean incidence of surgical site infections in our facility was 26.1 %. SSI have occurred more in colon surgery 37.3%, than in pancreatic 33.7% and gastric surgery 23.6% with a high overall incidence of Organ/Space SSI than superficial and deep SSI.E. coli was the commonest organism (40.6%), followed by Klebsiella (28.1%) and Pseudomonas (10.9%). An antibiogram was defined for all bacterial isolates obtained from surgical wounds to be considered in empirical antibiotic selection. Conclusion:The incidence of SSI in patients undergoing colonic, pancreatic, and gastric surgery in our study was within values generally reported in other studies. Although SSIs cannot be completely eliminated, it can be reduced to minimal by proper adherence to infection control guidelines together with the implementation of an adequate antibiotic policy.

The hospital is an epicenter for colonization and infection by drug resistant pathogens due to the frequent usage of