Clinical neuropsychological assessment frequently requires the comparison of obtained scores against some estimate of premorbid level of functioning, but only recently has significant attention been turned to objective methods to accomplish this objective. Clinical judgment, although useful in some circumstances, is generally insufficient. Other methods of estimating premorbid function include demographic regression formulae, such as the Barona formula, subtest scatter methods, such as that suggested by Lezak, and the use of current scores on tests of presumably spared abilities, such as the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Almost all methods predict to some general level of intellectual functioning rather than to specific neuropsychological skills. This paper reviews the suggested methods in terms of the underlying assumptions and the available empirical evidence. Suggestions for future research include the development of skill specific predictors as well as investigations regarding the relation between predictor accuracy and characteristics of the subject, such as high versus low premorbid functioning in the subject. Additionally, there is a great need for methods to predict premorbid functioning in children.

The current study surveyed practicing neuropsychologists about the methods they use to estimate premorbid levels of function, and their prior training with these methods. Doctoral level psychologists, who are members of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, were sent a questionnaire developed by the authors to assess these variables. Findings suggest that there is relatively little use of strategies specifically designed to assess premorbid ability. Demographics and training were not associated with methods used. Over one third of the respondents indicated that they believed their formal training had not been adequate in helping them to address this issue.

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The concentrations and pro-oxidative effects of free fatty acids in commercial krill oil are not well defined. We now report that krill oil free fatty acids account for 2–13% of total lipids in commercial krill oil (n = 8) that these compounds are enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (+7.1%) and docosahexaenoic acid (+6.3%) relative to whole oils; and that this composition make them highly pro-oxidizing in marine triacylglycerol oils, but not in krill oil, which derives oxidative stability from both its phospholipids, and neutral lipids (the latter because of astaxanthin). Specific fatty acid esterification patterns showed that krill oil free fatty acids predominantly (88–93%) originated from phospholipids, mainly from the sn-2 position, which was eight-fold more hydrolyzed than the sn-1 position. Lipolysis was not ongoing in stored oils. Adding small amounts of krill oil (1–5%) to marine triacylglycerol oils significantly increased their oxidative stability and also their resistance to free fatty acid-mediated pro-oxidative effects.

largely unchanged, as did the college's administrators and facuity. College environments seem to be determined more by the basic attitudes of academic communities than by physical plants or social and academic forms andpractices.-Chairman, Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon Woman's College. 083846/EHB Truex, Dorothy. The Journal of College Student Personnel, 1970, I1 (September) pp. 323-331. The oppression of women (usually masquerading as "protection") has always been part of higher education in this country, starting with the practice of locking women in their residence halls at night and continuing with the present pattern of assigning women to subservient positions in the government of coeducational dormitories. College student personnel administrators should try to help remedy this situation. Campus Human Relations Councils, for instance, should encourage the investigation of sex discrimination as it is practiced against women faculty members as well as against students. Investigation of recruitment policies, admissions policies, and financial aid program usually reveals a pervasive bias favorable to men students. The housing policy for married students should give preference to couples who are both students. Child care centers should be flexible enough to accommodate the schedules of student mothers as well as working mothers. Student health programs should include the services of an obstetrician and gynecologist. The Association of Women Students or the Women's Student Governing Association should serve as a Commission on the Status of College Women, investigating, for example, the prejudices of faculty members and of campus recruiters for corporations. Many of the demands of blacks for curriculum reform should be adapted to press for elimination from the curriculum of courses that Dresent a subservient and demaded image of women.--Associate Professor of Focus on Feminine Ferment. Y kducation, University of Oklahima. 083946/BBR COUNSEL I NG Breen, George J. ActiveDirective Counseling in an Adult Education Setting. The Journal of College Student Personnel, 1970, 11 (July) pp. 279-283.One counselor has been assigned to the evening division of Worcester Junior College which has an average enrollment of 1,350 students a year. Most enrollees are married men employed full-time who take two weekly evening classes toward a degree. The counselor uses the active-directive approach which stresses efficiency and focuses on the time spent between sessions wherein the client follows specific directions given him by the counselor to deal better with his particular problems. Active-directive counseling centers on the here-and-now and frees the adult client from the negative influence of his past. The tangible reward for many in the form of Veterans Administration payments for staying in school provides a useful positive reinforcement. Also, the adult's sense of time passing quickly creates a greater sense of urgency in the adult client and hence a higher motivation. Specifically, the following active-directive techn...