In two experiments, the hypothesis was corroborated that vicarious exposure to hedonic extremes-especially the hedonically negative-results in contrast regarding evaluative judgments of aspects of life that have evolved or been acquired in the course of life beyond the laboratory. In Experiment 1, participants who wrote about hedonically. negative events occurring at the turn of the century expressed greater satisfaction on a composite index of present life quality than participants who wrote about hedonically positive events. In Experiment 2, participants who wrote about hedonically negative events, personal tragedies, scored higher on a composite index of satisfaction with life, health, and physical appearance than participants who wrote about hedonically positive events. The findings for the composites corroborate a comparison level model of evaluative judgment. The findings for individual items, however, suggest that aspects of life are not evaluated in terms of a single utility scale and standard-the comparison level. Other findings are discussed that appear to contradict a simple affective model of evaluation in which the positivity of evaluations is postulated to increase with the positivity of affective states.A number of psychologists have generalized perceptual (Helson, 1964) and judgmental (Volkmann, 1951) principles, corroborated in the traditional experimental psychology laboratory, to social judgment. The most well-known generalization is that of Thibaut and Kelley (1959) who proposed a theory of the evaluation of outcomes resulting from social interaction. Although outcomes might differ in their specifics, it was assumed that all outcomes could be characterized in terms of their utility or hedonic value. The com-This research was supported by grants from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to Marshall Dermer. Sidney Cohen and Erling Anderson contributed to the design and execution of Experiment 1, and Elaine Jacobsen contributed to the design and execution of Experiment 2. Special thanks are due Ellen Berscheid, Philip Brickman, and Harry Upshaw for their encouragement and Joni Gonnering for skillfully transcribing all written materials.Requests for reprints should be sent to Marshall

The effects of cigarette smoking on first impressions were examined in an interlocking series of studies. Provided college students evaluated peers who were neither extremely attractive nor unattractive, smoking typically reduced the positivity of evaluations regardless of participants' smoking. Targets photographed with smoking material were rated, for example, to be less considerate, calm, disciplined, honest, healthy, well-mannered, and happy than when smoking material was absent. Replication with apparently older participants evaluating college students did not reveal smoking to influence ratings strongly. Further replication did not reveal smoking material simply to influence college students' ratings of an attractive professional model. These results were compared with earlier studies of the effects of cigarette smoking on interpersonal evaluation and an educational unit for deterring smoking was discussed.

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