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skin. The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and clearance of the two dyes were evaluated. RESULTS:Inconsistent pharmacokinetics of the two dyes led to refinement in both fluorophore delivery and composition. Reproducible fluorophore delivery into the dermis was achieved utilizing a novel delivery platform VAX-ID ® that provides standardized, accurate, and user-friendly intradermal injections. Moreover, we modified our fluorophore by removing human serum albumin, thereby optimizing the pharmacokinetics of the optical dye for ultimate clinical translation.CONCLUSION: Developing a model for noninvasive measures of direct lymphatic flow in real-time remains a critical unmet need in the field of lymphatics. We continue to focus on the clinical translatability of our model with the goal of human translation in the near future.