Disorders in the blood coagulation system play an important role in the development of cardiovascular pathology in diabetes. Factors that cause them are hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress. The most significant changes are observed in the vascular-platelet link of hemostasis. Diabetes is characterized by morphological and functional changes in the endothelium of blood vessels. The activity of platelets increases, which is manifested by their high level of spontaneous aggregation and increased sensitivity to the action of activating factors. The role in the disturbance of hemostasis is played by increasing the activity of the von Willebrand factor, reflecting damage to endothelial cells. Diabetes is characterized by an increase in the activity of plasma clotting factors (I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII and XIII), activation of the callicrein-kinin system. In some cases, this correlates with the development of complications of diabetes. Characteristic disorders in the coagulation inhibition system are a decrease in the activity of antithrombin III, reduced formation of thrombin-antithrombin complexes, reduction of thrombomodulin and protein C. In diabetes, there is a decrease in fibrinolysis, due to a decrease in the expression of tissue activator plasminogen and an increase in the level of the inhibitor of the activator plasminogen. The possibilities of drug correction of hypercoagulation factors in diabetes are to achieve glycemic control with sugar-reducing drugs and elimination of dyslipidemia through hypolipidemic therapy. The most well-studied sugar-lowering drug that improves the state of the blood clotting system is metformin. The system of hemostasis in diabetic patients is positively affected by statins both due to the direct hypolipidemic effect, and by improving endothelial function and increasing fibrinolysis.

The study discussed various possibilities of antithrombotic therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus, regardless of whether they have cardiovascular diseases, have a high risk of thrombosis. A feature of the response to antiplatelet therapy is the higher resistance to acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel of patients with diabetes mellitus than patients without diabetes mellitus, which can reach 71.4% and 57.1%, respectively. With a decrease in the functional ability of the kidneys in patients with diabetic nephropathy, acetylsalicylic acid is a safe antiplatelet drug; the use of clopidogrel in these patients leads to an increase in the risk of general and cardiovascular mortality. In the absence of contraindications, acetylsalicylic acid is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and may be recommended for primary prevention in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk. Clopidogrel is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus only for the secondary prevention of intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid. With the development of acute coronary syndrome, patients with diabetes mellitus received double antiplatelet therapy using acetylsalicylic acid and any P2Y12 receptor blocker. In patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention, prasugrel or ticagrelor is recommended as the second component. Double antiplatelet therapy extended for 12 months is indicated for patients with diabetes mellitus with a very high cardiovascular risk and good tolerability. In non-valvular atrial fibrillation, direct oral anticoagulants, in the absence of contraindications, are the drugs of choice in patients with diabetes and creatinine clearance 30 mL/min for dabigatran and 15 mL/min for rivaroxaban and apixaban. With the development of terminal renal insufficiency, only warfarin has proven effectiveness. Combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy is indicated for diabetes mellitus with coexisting atherosclerotic diseases with a high risk of thrombotic and low risk of hemorrhagic complications.