In Experiment 1, 7 nonreading children were exposed to a program designed to teach reading of 51 training words. The program featured an exclusion‐based procedure in which the children (a) matched printed to dictated words and (b) constructed (copied) printed words with movable letters and named them. All children learned to read the training words. Five children also read generalization words and showed progress in spelling. Experiment 2 applied the program to 4 different children, omitting the word‐construction task. They also learned to read the training words, but only 1 participant read generalization words. The data support a stimulus equivalence account of reading acquisition and suggest that reading generalization may be obtained, especially when the teaching program includes word construction.
RESUMO -O behaviorismo é uma filosofia da ciência preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. Análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. No Brasil, a análise do comportamento começou com a vinda de Fred S. Keller para a Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade de Brasília nos anos 60. O Brasil é hoje o maior centro de análise do comportamento depois dos Estados Unidos e seus pesquisadores publicam nos melhores periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Os brasileiros pioneiros da análise do comportamento são responsáveis pelo reconhecimento da psicologia como profissão, pela fundação dos primeiros laboratórios no país e pela criação do Conselho de Psicologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia.Palavras-chave: análise do comportamento; behaviorismo; Fred S. Keller; Carolina M. Bori. Behavior Analysis in BrazilABSTRACT -Behaviorism is the philosophy of a science interested on the subject and method of psychology. Behavior analysis is not a field of psychology; it is a way to study the object of psychology. Behavior analysis in Brazil started when Fred S. Keller came to work at the University of São Paulo and the University of Brasília in the 60s. Brazil has the largest behavior analysis community outside the United States. Brazilian researchers publish in the best national and international journals. The pioneers in behavior analysis were also responsible for the recognition of psychology as a profession, the foundation of the first laboratories in the country, and the foundation of the Brazilian Council of Psychology and the Brazilian Psychological Society. O presente artigo foi organizado em quatro partes. A primeira resume aspectos históricos, teóricos e metodoló-gicos da análise do comportamento a partir de uma visão pessoal retratada em publicações anteriores do primeiro autor (Todorov, 1982(Todorov, , 1990(Todorov, , 1996(Todorov, , 2003(Todorov, , 2006. A segunda parte descreve a introdução da análise do comportamento no Brasil por Fred Keller e brasileiros pioneiros e relata como era a formação básica dos novos pesquisadores brasileiros em psicologia. A terceira parte apresenta o desenvolvimento do ensino de análise do comportamento no Brasil, especialmente na pós-graduação, e a quarta avalia parte da produção dos pesquisadores brasileiros relacionada à análise do comportamento, seu impacto e suas lacunas. Keywords Behaviorismo e Análise do ComportamentoO comportamentalismo, com acentuação no 'ismo', não é o estudo científico do comportamento, mas uma filosofia da ciên-cia preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. (Skinner, 1969(Skinner, /1980 A análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. Este trabalho tenta esclarecer os significados dos termos "behaviorismo", "análise do comportamento" e "psicologia". O termo "behaviorismo" tem sido utilizado de diversas maneiras e de tal modo que se pode afirmar que há muitas variedades de significado para ele. Desde o manifesto de Watson,...
A miniature linguistic system was used to study acquisition of recombinative symbolic behavior. Three studies evaluated the teaching conditions of conditional discriminations with printed and spoken pseudowords that could potentially generate recombinative reading. Fifty-four college students across all studies learned to match 12 printed pseudowords to 12 spoken pseudowords. Some also matched pictures to the same spoken words. Each two-syllable pseudoword was formed by symbols from an arbitrarily created alphabet composed of four vowels and four consonants. Letters had univocal correspondence with phonemes. Recombinative receptive reading, comprehensive reading, and textual responding to pseudowords were periodically assessed. Experiment 1 (n = 20) showed that recombinative reading increased as the number of trained words composed of the same symbols increased. Experiment 2 (n = 14) showed that overtraining the same two words did not produce recombinative reading for most participants. Experiment 3 (n = 20), in which training with pictures was omitted, showed that elemental control by within-syllable units can develop even when the trained pseudowords are meaningless (not related to pictures). The present results support the utility of the miniature linguistic system methodology for identifying and controlling environmental determinants of rudimentary reading skills.
We studied the effects of delayed constructed-response identity matching on spelling with 6 first graders with histories of school failure. After training, the children learned to spell words to dictation and their cursive writing improved. These results replicate studies showing that delayed constructed-response matching establishes spelling. For 2 children, spelling of generalization words--words formed by recombining the syllables of training words--also improved. These results extend studies that have shown recombinative generalization in reading and spelling.
RESUMOEste estudo, baseado no paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, avaliou o efeito de treino composto de palavras e sílabas no desenvolvimento de leitura recombinativa. Participaram nove pré-escolares; seis foram expostos a duas fases de ensino e testes de relações entre palavras faladas e impressas e palavras faladas e figuras e de nomeação de texto; três foram expostos apenas aos testes. As palavras eram dissílabas. Em cada fase, o treino era composto ou incluía apenas palavras. A sequência foi balanceada entre participantes. Combinações de quatro sílabas formavam as 12 palavras ensinadas em cada fase e recombinações de letras das mesmas sílabas formavam 14 palavras empregadas apenas nos testes. A aquisição das relações ensinadas ocorreu com escores iniciais altos e rapidamente crescentes. Participantes experimentais obtiveram escores superiores aos dos que realizaram somente os testes. Participantes expostos inicialmente ao treino com palavras alcançaram resultados superiores na fase seguinte, com treino composto. Os resultados indicam que a leitura recombinativa é favorecida pelo ensino conjunto de palavras e sílabas. Os resultados replicam e estendem as descobertas de estudos prévios sobre a efetividade do paradigma de equivalência no ensino de leitura com compreensão e apontam a importância do ensino que favoreça a recombinação de unidades na geração de desempenhos generalizados.Palavras-chave: aquisição de leitura, equivalência de estímulos, controle elementar, leitura recombinativa, pré-escolares ABSTRACTBased on the stimulus equivalence paradigm, this study evaluated the effects on the development of recombinative reading of a training procedure that combined two-syllable words and syllables. Nine preschoolers participated; six were exposed to two phases of teaching and testing of conditional relations between spoken words, printed words, and pictures, and tests of naming the printed words; three were tested only. On each phase, the training was compound or included words only. The sequence was counterbalanced among participants. Combinations of two out of four syllables formed 12 words taught on each phase. Combinations of letters from the same syllables formed 14 words used only for testing. Scores of reading acquisition were high from the beginning and rapidly reached perfect accuracy. Experimental participants scored higher than participants tested only. Participants trained with words first obtained higher scores in the next phase, with compound training. These results indicate that recombinative reading would benefit from jointly teaching words and syllables. The fast acquisition of reading with comprehension and the different levels of recombinative (generalized) reading among participants replicated previous findings concerning the effectiveness of the equivalence paradigm for teaching reading with comprehension and point to the relevance of teaching procedures fostering the recombination of units as a mechanism underlying generalized performances.Key words: reading acquisition, stimulus equ...
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