We examined therapist response modes in 127 sessions of eight cases of brief psychotherapy with experienced therapists and anxious-depressed clients. Response modes had a significant effect on immediate outcome, with self-disclosure, interpretation, approval, and paraphrase being the most helpful response modes. Therapist response modes were then examined in conjunction with therapist intentions and client experiencing in the previous speaking turn, both of which accounted for more of the variance in immediate outcome than did response modes. Large individual differences were found in frequency of use and effectiveness of the response modes for different clients.

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An analysis of historical and recent data on chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay reveals that a significant increase of phytoplankton biomass has occurred during the last 40 to 50 yr. Concentrations of chlorophyll a in the surface mixing layer have increased 5-to 10-fold in the seaward regions of the estuary and 1.5-to 2-fold elsewhere, paralleling published estimates of increased loading of N and P to the estuary since World War 11. The characteristic hlgh vanability of freshwater flow that occurs on seasonal to interannual time scales, however, drives fluctuations of chlorophyll a that are superimposed on this apparent upward trend, potentially obscuring the effects of overenrichment on chlorophyll a concentrations in nutrient-limited regions of the Bay To resolve a time trend of chlorophyll from this variability, we developed regional models of mean, monthly chlorophyll a using autoregressive moving average (ARMA) procedures. The models were developed with water quality data from monitoring cruises of the Chesapeake Bay Program spanning 1984 to 1992. The approach was to: (1) determine the relationship of prominent variables, including freshwater flow, salinity, temperature, region, and time of year, to chlorophyll a for the 'modern' Bay; (2) predict chlorophyll a for the 'historical' Bay based on these models and actual, observed variables for periods from 1950 to 1984 for which chlorophyll a data were available; (3) compare chlorophyll a predicted from modern relationships, to those observed in the past, using the residuals to identify deviations below or above expected concentrations that would suggest a n effect o n chlorophyll a unrelated to flow variability. The results show that: (1) observed and predicted chlorophyll a concentrations matched reasonably well for the years that were used to develop the models, with some exceptions when the models failed to capture extremely high concentrations of chlorophyll a during blooms; (2) chlorophyll a concentrations in the 1950% 1960s and 1970s were predominantly lower than predicted by the models, particularly in the mesohaline and polyhaline regions of the estuary that are most susceptible to nutrient limitation; (3) chlorophyll a concentrations were lower in the 1960s than in the 1970s probably as the result of low flow and a concomitant reduction of nutrient loading in the 'dry' 1960s as compared to the 'wet' 1970s; (4) interannual variability was high for both observed and predicted chlorophyll a concentrations in the 1970% and this variability was most strongly expressed in the mesohaline to polyhaline Bay, reflecting the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of phytoplankton that prevailed in that period. These findings support the hypothesis that a significant increase of chlorophyll a has occurred in the lower Bay that cannot be accounted for by variability of freshwater flow and attendant properties.

Climate effects on hydrology impart high variability to water-quality properties, including nutrient loadings, concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll-a (chl-a), in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Resolving longterm trends of these properties requires that we distinguish climate effects from secular changes reflecting anthropogenic eutrophication. Here, we test the hypothesis that strong climatic contrasts leading to irregular dry and wet periods contribute significantly to interannual variability of mean annual values of water-quality properties using in situ data for Chesapeake Bay. Climate effects are quantified using annual freshwater discharge from the Susquehanna River together with a synoptic climatology for the Chesapeake Bay region based on predominant sea-level pressure patterns. Time series of waterquality properties are analyzed using historical and recent data for the bay adjusted for climate effects on hydrology. Contemporary monitoring by the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) provides data for a period since mid-1984 that is significantly impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication, while historical data back to 1945 serve as historical context for a period prior to severe impairments. The generalized additive model (GAM) and the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) are developed for nutrient loadings and concentrations (total nitrogen-TN, nitrate +nitrate-NO 2 +NO 3 ) at the Susquehanna River and waterquality properties in the bay proper, including dissolved nutrients (NO 2 +NO 3 , orthophosphate-PO 4 ), chl-a, diffuse light attenuation coefficient (K D (PAR)), and chl-a/TN. Each statistical model consists of a sum of nonlinear functions to generate flow-adjusted time series and compute long-term trends accounting for climate effects on hydrology. We present results identifying successive periods of (1) eutrophication ca. 1945-1980 characterized by approximately doubled TN and NO 2 +NO 3 loadings, leading to increased chl-a and associated ecosystem impairments, and (2) modest decreases of TN and NO 2 +NO 3 loadings from 1981 to 2012, signaling a partial reversal of nutrient over-enrichment. Comparison of our findings with longterm trends of water-quality properties for a variety of estuarine and coastal ecosystems around the world reveals that trends for Chesapeake Bay are weaker than for other systems subject to strenuous management efforts, suggesting that more aggressive actions than those undertaken to date will be required to counter anthropogenic eutrophication of this valuable resource.

Abstract.-We examined the influence of landscape alteration and in situ stream habitat variables on brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis by using a landscape-scale, space-for-time substitution analysis and a smaller data set that tracked long-term changes in land use over time. Forested land cover within a catchment was the overall best landscape-scale predictor of brook trout occurrence at a given site; measures of impervious land cover and urbanization were also important predictors. Brook trout were almost never found in watersheds where impervious land cover exceeded 4%, as assessed from the 2001 National Land Cover Dataset (2001 NLCD); the single exception was in a stream that displayed consistently low water temperatures. Landscapescale analyses indicated that increases in water temperature and erosion were associated with increasing percentages of urbanization and imperviousness and decreasing percentage of forested land cover. Three of six brook trout populations that were followed over time were extirpated within the last 15 years (between 1990 and 2005), coinciding with increases in urbanization and impervious land cover. At these sites, water temperatures were substantially greater than at the three sites with extant brook trout. Land use amounts derived from high-resolution aerial photography showed substantially greater amounts of urbanization and particularly impervious land cover than did amounts derived from the 2001 NLCD. The differences in measured land cover between imagery types warrant caution when stating upper threshold limits of land cover, because use of imagery methods interchangeably may produce inconsistent results. Our findings suggest that brook trout are very sensitive to landscape alterations in Maryland and disappear at low levels of impervious land cover regardless of the specific mechanism involved.Populations near the periphery of a species' geographic distribution may be particularly sensitive to relatively minor anthropogenic perturbations. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the Piedmont physiographic province of Maryland are near the southeastern edge of the species' native distribution. Water temperature is vitally important (Meisner 1990;Raleigh 1982), because brook trout appear to only occupy streams with summer temperatures that remain less than 248C and they prefer much cooler streams (MacCrimmon and Campbell 1969). In addition, brook trout are found primarily in streams with high-quality physical habitat and limited amounts of silt deposition (Raleigh 1982;Argent and Flebbe 1999;Curry and MacNeill 2004), acidity (Baker andChristensen 1991;Carline et al. 1994), and other anthropogenic stressors.Declines in brook trout distribution and abundance have frequently been attributed to the degradation of streams' physical and chemical habitat conditions resulting from landscape alterations, such as forest clearing and agriculture. MacCrimmon and Campbell (1969) attributed reductions in the original range of brook trout through the late 1960s to pollution, siltation, and stre...