Objective. Pregnancy can cause diabetic conditions and gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder of the era. Scientific evidence suggests that obesity increases the incidence and severity of gestational diabetes. Adipokines are proteins secreted from adipose tissue in response to extracellular stimuli and altered metabolism. These hormones are involved in regulating the energy balance, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. One of the types of adipokines is called adiponectin, which has anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic effects. Accordingly, this study is aimed to investigate the correlation between the serum adiponectin level with the gestational diabetes and the postpartum metabolic syndrome.Methods. This case-control study was carried out on 37 pregnant women (in Sari, Iran) with gestational diabetes and 37 non-diabetic pregnant women who were matched regarding age and body mass index (BMI). Serum adiponectin and glucose levels were measured. Finally, six weeks after termination of pregnancy, women in both groups were evaluated for metabolic syndrome. All statistical analyses of this study were performed using IBM SPSS software version 21 and, in all cases, the two-way p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. The mean age of pregnant women was 28.46±4.11 years in the non-diabetic group and 30.03±4.71 in the diabetic group. There was no statistically significant difference found between the mean age (p=0.123) and BMI (p=0.727) in two groups. Serum adiponectin levels in the diabetic group (5.51±3.15 µg/ml) were significantly lower than in the non-diabetic group (8.35±4.54 µg/ml) (p=0.003). In the diabetic group, serum adiponectin level did not correlate with the maternal age, maternal BMI, and postpartum metabolic syndrome (p>0.005).Conclusions. The results of the present study indicate a correlation of low adiponectin concentrations with gestational diabetes, but this association with postpartum metabolic syndrome is uncertain. However, to elucidate the mechanism of adiponectin in predicting gestational diabetes and postpartum metabolic syndrome further studies are required.

Background: Enuresis is one of the most common problems in children with physical and psychological complications that can disturb their social relationships. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between enuresis and its associated etiologies in children aged 5 to 15 years in Zahedan. The study further contributes to an early realization of the parents of children with enuresis-associated problems. Methods: Following a descriptive design, 200 children (5 to 15 years old) suffering from enuresis referred to nephrology and psychiatric clinics in Zahedan in 2019 were recruited. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Of 200 children with enuresis, 134 (67%) were girls, and 66 (33%) were boys. Also, 174 (87%) were aged 5 - 10 years, and only 26 (13%) were 10 to 15 years old. Birth weight of 172 (86%) children was 2500 - 4000 g, 20 (10%) were < 2500g, and only 8 (4%) were > 4000 g. Fecal incontinence was observed in 99 cases (49%), and 101 (51%) did not have fecal incontinence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was found in 80 (40%) cases. For 144 (72%) children, we found no stress, and 56 children (28%) had stress. Urinary tract infection was observed in 142 children (71%). According to imaging studies, 34 children (17%) with enuresis had congenital kidney abnormalities and 166 (83%) had no kidney problems. Conclusions: The significant etiologies typically found in the onset of enuresis and its exacerbation can be controlled or treated. Since the complications of enuresis have not been properly clarified for families, it is of crucial importance to increase awareness about this health problem.