In this longitudinal study, impaired acute insulin response at midlife was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) up to 35 years later suggesting a causal link between insulin metabolism and the pathogenesis of AD.

Aims: Our aim was to evaluate the longitudinal associations of individual and multiple vascular risk factors with the subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: The Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men started in 1970 when the 2,268 participants were 50 years old. Baseline investigations included determinations of blood pressure, fasting glucose, cholesterol, BMI and smoking status. Over a maximum follow-up of 40 years, 349 participants were diagnosed with dementia, out of which 127 had AD. Analyses were repeated using a re-examination of the cohort at 70 years of age as a baseline. Results: No associations between vascular risk factors and AD were found. For all-type dementia, the association between high systolic blood pressure and dementia was the most consistent. High fasting glucose was associated with increased risk of all-type dementia only when measured at 70 years. Individuals with both an APOE Ε4 allele and vascular risk factors had the greatest dementia risk. Conclusion: Vascular risk factors influence the future risk of dementia, in particular vascular and mixed-type rather than AD. The impact of vascular risk factors on dementia in a longitudinal study depends on the age at baseline and the length of follow-up.

Our results show that chronic smoking is associated with high age- and BMI-adjusted plasma insulin levels, independent of other factors known to influence insulin sensitivity. The effect of smoking may be partially reversible after quitting.

Background: ␤ Amyloid (A␤) protein accumulates in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) and is detectable in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.Objective: To examine plasma levels of A␤ peptides A␤ 40 and A␤ 42 as predictors of incident AD and other types of dementia.

Background: Multiple lines of research suggest that increased cystatin C activity in the brain