To facilitate research reproducibility, replicability, accuracy, and transparency, the data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study will be made available upon written request. Data were de-identified in accordance with Section 164.514 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

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The application of the dialectic orientation to adult education is discussed. More specifically, the dialectic framework developed by Riegel is used to sketch a model of instruction and to delineate some implications for teaching adults. The dialectic view is compared and contrasted with contemporary humanistic and cognitive perspectives on teaching. Although each of these different approaches to instruction provides a useful plan for teaching adults, the dialectic orientation, a descendant of the Socratic method, may prove to be particularly viable in light of current trends in instructional research and practice to conceptualize educational outcomes as the resultant of the complex interaction of environmental and organismic variables.