PURPOSE Evidence regarding red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices and their impact on hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes are poorly understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a noninferiority randomized controlled trial in four different centers that evaluated patients with hematologic malignancies requiring HCT who were randomly assigned to either a restrictive (hemoglobin [Hb] threshold < 70 g/L) or liberal (Hb threshold < 90 g/L) RBC transfusion strategy between day 0 and day 100. The noninferiority margin corresponds to a 12% absolute difference between groups in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) score relative to baseline. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measured by FACT-BMT score at day 100. Additional end points were collected: HRQOL by FACT-BMT score at baseline and at days 7, 14, 28, 60, and 100; transplantation-related mortality; length of hospital stay; intensive care unit admissions; acute graft-versus-host disease; Bearman toxicity score; sinusoidal obstruction syndrome; serious infections; WHO Bleeding Scale; transfusion requirements; and reactions to therapy. RESULTS A total of 300 patients were randomly assigned to either restrictive-strategy or liberal-strategy treatment groups between 2011 and 2016 at four Canadian adult HCT centers. After HCT, mean pre-transfusion Hb levels were 70.9 g/L in the restrictive-strategy group and 84.6 g/L in the liberal-strategy group ( P < .0001). The number of RBC units transfused was lower in the restrictive-strategy group than in the liberal-strategy group (mean, 2.73 units [standard deviation, 4.81 units] v 5.02 units [standard deviation, 6.13 units]; P = .0004). After adjusting for transfusion type and baseline FACT-BMT score, the restrictive-strategy group had a higher FACT-BMT score at day 100 (difference of 1.6 points; 95% CI, −2.5 to 5.6 points), which was noninferior compared with that of the liberal-strategy group. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the transfusion strategies. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing HCT, the use of a restrictive RBC transfusion strategy threshold of 70 g/L was as effective as a threshold of 90 g/L and resulted in similar HRQOL and HCT outcomes with fewer transfusions.

Background Evidence regarding red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is lacking. As a result, the impact of RBC transfusions on outcomes following HSCT is not well understood. We designed a non-inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial evaluating a restrictive and liberal RBC transfusion strategy with a primary endpoint of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) as measured by the FACT-BMT scale at Day 100. Methods Patients with a hematologic malignancy requiring HSCT were randomized to either a restrictive (Hemoglobin (Hgb) threshold <70g/L) or liberal (Hgb threshold <90g/L) RBC transfusion strategies between Day-0 and Day-100). Permutated randomization blocks of 2 and 4 were used. Patients were stratified by centre and by type of HSCT. The non-inferiority margin selected for the study corresponds to a 12% absolute difference between groups in FACT-BMT score relative to baseline. Patients received a RBC transfusion if the Hgb was below the assigned threshold with the assessment of hemoglobin according to institutional practice (most often on a daily basis) with 2 units of RBC prescribed at the assigned threshold. The following endpoints were collected: 1) HRQOL by FACT-BMT, FACT-Anemia and EQ-5D at Baseline, Day 7, 14, 28, 60 and 100, 2) Transplant related mortality, Length of Hospital Stay, ICU admissions, Incidence and grade of acute graft versus host disease, Incidence of Serious infections, Transfusion requirements, Bleeding as per WHO Bleeding Scale, Incidence of adverse transfusion reactions, Bearman Toxicity Score and Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome. The primary endpoint was compared using a generalized linear model while accounting for any baseline differences in scores. Results We enrolled 300 patients (150 allogeneic and 150 autologous) undergoing HSCT between 28 Mar 2011 and 3 Feb 2016 at 4 Canadian adult HSCT centres. The difference in the overall mean pre-transfusion hemoglobin per patient over the study period between the groups was 13.7(±9.8) g/L. Statistical non-inferiority was detected between the liberal and the restrictive strategy as measured by the FACT-BMT at 100 days post-HSCT (Estimated difference in ratios between groups, -1.64%; 95% confidence interval, -0.07 to 0.04; P=0.0001 for non-inferiority) or any other time points (Days 7, 14, 28 and 60). In fact, the FACT BMT scores at all time points were higher for patients in the restrictive transfusion group. The median (IQR) number of RBC units transfused was lower in the restrictive-strategy group than in the liberal-strategy group [2(2-6) vs. 4(2-6), p=0.10], but this did not reach statistical significance. There were no statistical differences in any of the outcomes between the 2 groups. Conclusions The results of our study support the use of a restrictive RBC transfusion strategy as compared with a liberal strategy in patients undergoing HSCT as the HRQOL are similar and there are no appreciable differences in HSCT associated clinical outcomes. Figure Figure. Disclosures Xenocostas: Janssen Inc.: Research Funding.

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