The European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) survey reported on the largest cohort of 125 aggressive pituitary tumours (APT) and 40 pituitary carcinomas (PC). Whilst the survey focused on treatment effectiveness, all pathological data were not explored in detail. Here we comment on some interesting pathological findings, notably the difference between APT and PC. Commentary For a pituitary pathologist, the cohort of 125 aggressive pituitary tumours (APT) and 40 pituitary carcinomas (PC) of the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) survey is clearly a "gold mine", by far the largest series thus far. As this study, recently published in EJE (1), mainly focused on treatment effectiveness, not all pathological data were explored in full detail. Here, we would like to comment on some interesting pathological findings, especially regarding the difference between APT and PC. The ESE collaborative study demonstrated a high degree of similarity between the 125 APT, defined as "an invasive tumour with rapid growth, multiple recurrences and resistance to standard therapies" and the 40 PC with metastatic disease. Clinically, the sex ratio, percentage

Research across disciplines presumes that market categories will have strong boundaries. Categories without well-defined boundaries typically are not useful and do not become institutionalized, so are expected to fade away. In contrast, many contexts contain lenient market categories, or less-constraining market categories, that persist and become important. We argue this fact can be explained by looking at market categories from the producer perspective. Lenient market categories are accepting of many different types of organizations and offer more flexibility. As a result, we expect there to be high rates of entry into lenient categories. At the same time, lenient market categories offer less credibility than categories with strong boundaries, and so organizations will be more likely to exit. When entry rates are higher than exit rates, lenient market categories will endure over time. We also predict that organizations exiting lenient categories will enter other lenient categories, which further fuels their persistence. Finally, this trend is exaggerated when influential external agents favor leniency. We find support for these ideas in a longitudinal analysis of organizational entry into and exit from market categories in the software industry.

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We suggest that moral panics exert spillover effects through stigma by mere association. Individuals are harmed even if their ties to stigmatized affiliates are heterophilous, and high-status individuals can also suffer. This creates a broadcast effect that increases the scale of the moral panic. Analyzing the U.S. film industry from 1945 to 1960, we examine how artists’ employment in feature films was influenced by their associations with co-workers who were blacklisted as communists after working with the focal artist. Mere association reduces an artist’s chances of working again, and one exposure is enough to impair work prospects. Furthermore, actors’ careers are impaired when writers with whom they worked are blacklisted. Moreover, the negative effects of stigma by mere association hold even when the focal artist has received public acclaim. These findings have broad implications. When a few individuals or organizations are engaged in wrongdoing and publicly targeted, stigma by association can lead to false positives and harm many innocents.