Hornibrook (1939) described a liquid medium for the propagation of Hemophilus pertussis having a casein hydrolyzate base to which were added various salts, starch, cysteine, and nicotinic acid and which was capable of growing recently isolated strains. Because of the potential advantages of such a medium, it has been studied by many investigators. Their work has confirmed Hornibrook's original observations but it has also revealed several disadvantages in the medium. Modifications of the original formula stated to prevent precipitation, simplify preparation, decrease the granularity of growth, and increase the final bacterial count have been suggested by Verwey and Sage (1945), Wilson (1945), Farrell and Taylor (1945), and Cohen and Wheeler (1946). It is the purpose of this report to describe further the medium that has been developed in our laboratory and to define the cultural conditions that seem optimal for the growth of H. pertussis in this medium. Some observations concerning the antigenic properties of the liquid medium cultures are included. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND RESULTS

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Eighty to 100°0 of mice stressed with an intraperitoneal dose of 200-240 mg bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA)/kg and infected intraveneously 72 hours later with Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli or Serratia host large numbers of bacteria in their kidneys 3-4 days post-infection.If death (probably due to uremic poisoning) does not intervene, the infection lasts for weeks. The therapeutic effects of carbenicillin and ampicillin were tested in this pyelonephritis model. Carbenicillin was effective against Pseudomonas; ampicillin had an effect against P. mirabilis, but neither carbenicillin nor ampicillin was effective against Serratia-induced pyelonephritis.While many experimental pyelonephritis models have been proposed1-20) they are for technical reasons either most reproducible in the laboratories sponsoring them or are not suitable for routine assay work. The pyelonephritis model proposed in this paper, although based on the old idea of preliminary kidney damage, has the advantages of being technically simple, of having less than a loo mortality due to preparational causes, of being reproducible in routine evaluations of antibiotics, and can be used in studies for host responses where the kidneys have been damaged by a prior bacterial kidney infection.The model is based on the observations that 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) causes papillary necrosis of the kidney14,21,22,23) FUWA14) found that rats given a subcutaneous injection of BEA developed a localized pathology limited to the inner medulla. MURRAY, et al.22) found that after an intravenous injection of BEA complete necrosis of the rat papilla took place between 4 and 7 days with the dead papilla being sequestered by 21 days. Moreover, HILL, et al.21) also found that the progressive pathology of the papillary region coincided with a defect in the concentrating ability of the kidney, a rise in serum urea nitrogen, and a tubular atrophy that developed secondarily to the papillary damage. KAYE and ROCHE24) and ROLAND, et al.25) demonstrated that kidney infections correlated with decreased urinary concentrating ability. From the above papers it was reasoned that if the mouse kidney was susceptible to BEA damage without a subsequent rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) then the kidney might host a bacterial population without depressing the host defenses so that a bacterial invasion of tissues other than the kidney occurs. The data given below show that mice stressed with BEA 3-4 days prior to intravenous infection with different bacterial species results in a strictly localized kidney infection. This infection can persist for many weeks providing a BEA-bacterial induced uremic death does not intervene. It has further been shown that carbenicillin is effective against a Pseudomonas kidney infection, that ampicillin has some therapeutic value against a P. mirabilis pyelonephritis but that neither antibiotic was effective against a Serratia-induced kidney infection.

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