Plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for huge annual economic loss that is estimated to be more than 215 billion US$ worldwide due to plants damages caused by nematodes. The root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) is ranked first in the global list of top ten plant-parasitic nematodes, with wide host range of more than 3000 host plant species and posing a major threat in the cultivation of agricultural, vegetables, and horticultural crops. Such pathogens are commonly controlled using chemical nematicides. However, the risk of using such chemicals on human, animals, and surrounding environment has forced researchers to search for natural, less harmful, and effective nematicidal agents. In this review, we discuss the biological control of nematodes by different microorganisms, stressing on the promising capabilities of some mushrooms such as some species of Pleurotus, Beauveria, Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes.

The development of eco-friendly technologies in material synthesis is of considerable importance to expand their biological applications. Nowadays, a variety of inorganic nanoparticles with well-defined chemical composition, size, and morphology have been synthesized by using different microorganisms. This paper highlights the recent developments of the biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles and provides an insight about microbial biosynthesis of nanomaterial by bacteria, yeast and moulds for the manufacturing of sensoristic devices, therapeutic/diagnostic, and industrial applications.

Lichens are rich in nutrients and in biologically active compounds that belong to different chemical classes. The abilities of different members of Lichens have encouraged researchers to investigate further applications of these Lichens in fields other than the food acnd pharmaceutical industries. In this review, some of the unusual current and potential applications of Lichens are described.

Endophytes are microorganisms that are associated with the plant tissues without having any harmful effect on the host plant. Various medicinal plants are valuable sources of endophytic actinobacteria that exhibit high economic impact. The endophytic microbes can synthesis a wide range of novel compounds that found great applications in agricultural, pharmaceutical, as well as other industries. It is noteworthy to focus the current research on valuable applications of these microbial populations that could help in solving many problems related to the environment, agriculture, and health. Moreover, the characterization of different endophytic actinobacteria that are associated with valuable medicinal plants may help understanding plant- endophyte interactions. The current review discusses the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria rich in therapeutic agents that have been known for their medicinal applications.

Marine, endophytic microorganism creatures living in this environment should be investigated as an exceptional source for several new products and knowledge. Microorganisms obtained from such environment can be highly beneficial to science, health, and industry. Searching for novel isolates secreting potent secondary metabolites, and having promising biological activities is the target of current researches all over the world. In this review, it was highlighted that screening for endophytic fungi from marine sources with remarkable bioactivities. Many studies are required to complete investigating potentials of the promising isolated endophytic microorganisms.