BACKGROUND: Second generation of antipsychotic medications is widely administrated in Indonesia and there is a distinctive difference in plasma calcium level in those receiving risperidone and olanzapine. According to several studies, decreased bone density is one of the deleterious effects affecting schizophrenic individuals receiving risperidone and olanzapine. AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the difference in serum calcium levels between men with schizophrenia who treated with olanzapine and risperidone at Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital, Medan. METHODS: This is an experimental pre-test and post-test that compares two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. Eligible subjects are those who meet our inclusion criteria in the following; age between 15 and 35 years old, total score of PANSS between 90 and 150, and normal serum calcium level. The subjects of the study were 60 men with schizophrenia, namely 30 who received olanzapine and 30 who received risperidone. The sampling method is non-probability sampling with a consecutive sampling type. RESULTS: There was a decrease in the total serum calcium level with the antipsychotic risperidone and olanzapine after 4 weeks, and a higher decrease occurred in the risperidone treatment group compared to olanzapine (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in serum calcium levels among men with schizophrenia who received risperidone therapy compared with those who received olanzapine therapy between the beginning and the end of week 4. It is expected that clinicians can consider giving antipsychotic therapy olanzapine in people with schizophrenia with low calcium levels.

Background: Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity play a key role as triggers and support for neurodegenerative processes, increase levels of TNF-α have been found in schizophrenic patients. Improved inflammatory processes have been demonstrated in acute and chronic schizophrenia. In schizophrenia is characterized by a collection of core symptoms that trigger individuals experiencing several cognitive disorders. Objective: To investigate the relationship of serum TNF-α levels to impaired cognitive function in schizophrenic patients in Medan, Indonesia. Method: This research is cross sectional analytical correlative study involving 40 male schizophrenic patients at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital through July to September 2019 that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum TNF-α levels were analyzed using Quantikine HS Human TNF-α Assay with a minimum detection limit of  0.1062 pg/ml while in the other hand, cognitive function test was carried out by using the Mini Mental State Examination. Results: Serum TNF-α levels with a mean of 25.1216 with a standard deviation of 1.7629. There is a positive correlation with moderate correlation (r = 0.4 - <0.6) on cognitive function with the strength of correlation r = 0.434 Conclusion: We found that there is a link between serum TNF-α level and cognitive function as assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).

BACKGROUND: Caning sentence has been applied for over a decade which is performed publicly. Given that emotional features of the defendants of the caning sentence occur, psychological symptoms may have emerged. One of the executions for the defendants is whipping practice that resembles military punishment, in which the penalty could have affected their personality pre and post-execution. CASE REPORT: In this report, a 30-year-old married woman was sentenced to Qanun criminal offense in Aceh due to her despicable relationship to a male individual who is also a husband of someone. As the caning regulation stated that the punishment execution must be performed through whipping in public places, the women demonstrated several mental conditions such as anxiety, sleeping disorders, and unmotivated in the last 3 days before execution. CONCLUSION: Caning practice in Aceh is performed by following the guidance from a medical doctor to prevent unexpected physical damage; however, psychological symptoms that could last for several years in the future might have occurred. Thus, a high prevalence of mental disorders has appeared among the defendants.

Background: There are approximately 20 million cases of schizophrenia worldwide. This complication can result from developmental processes, neurodegenerative, and neurotransmitter disorders to the occurrence of infectious or autoimmune processes. Furthermore, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, and glutamate are just a few of the neurotransmitters that cytokines may play a role in controlling. The relationships between glutamate and dopamine seem to be important for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. According to cellular receptors and the intracellular environment, which serve as risk factors for schizophrenia, IL-1 is involved in neurodevelopmental processes and can have neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects.Method: Non-probability purposive sampling was conducted on 240 subjects (120 people with schizophrenia (ODS) and 120 healthy control of Batak tribe) hospitalized at Prof. M. ILDREM Medan, Indonesia, as normal control and East Medan Sub-district as healthy control. In addition, the IL-1β -511 C/T Polymorphism was analyzed using RFLP and PCR methods.Result: The -511Allele frequency of the IL-β -511 C/T (rs16944) polymorphism was different between cases and controls with a p-value of 0.001 and OR of 1.901 and a 95% confidence interval between 1.322 to 2.735. The p-value for the genotype (CC vs. TT) was 0.019 with an OR of 0.414 and a 95% CI between 0.198-0.866. Meanwhile, the p-value for the genotype (CT vs TT) was 0.388 with an OR of 0.746 and a 95% CI between 0.384-1.451. Conclusion:The results showed that the IL-1β -511 C/T polymorphism has a relationship with the incidence of schizophrenia, and may be a risk factor for schizophrenia in Batak people.

A specific phobia is an exaggerated, irrational fear of a particular object or situation that is avoided at all costs or faced with great stress. The essential characteristic is a real and persistent fear of objects or situations that can be seen. A case was found, a 13-year-old girl with the initials SA was brought by her 32 years mother, Mrs. MN, 32 years old, to the general polyclinic of Takari Health Center. The chief complaint was being afraid of seeing money since 4 years ago. Furthermore, it was stated that every time the girl sees money, she feels pounding and cold sweat.Despite the specific phobia being common in adults and children, the money phobia is rare. The management is the same as for other types, namely a therapeutic approach with exposure-based treatment using cognitive and behavioral treatments.