The driving range of electric vehicles is an important issue. The velocity profile can have an important impact on their energy consumption and thus their driving range. In this paper, a commercial electric vehicle is studied. The model of its traction subsystems is developed using a forward approach. A specific driving cycle generator is then coupled with this model. A feedback from the model to the generator allows for recalculation of the velocity reference in case of a limitation due to the electrical drives, for a more accurate estimation of energy consumption. Different trips are then studied with this method. The maximal velocity has a strong impact on the energy consumption while the maximal acceleration has a low impact.

The energy consumption of an electric vehicle is primarily due to the traction subsystem and the comfort subsystem. For a regular trip, the traction energy can be relatively constant but the comfort energy has variation depending on seasonal temperatures. In order to plan the annual charging operation of an eco-campus, a simulation tool is developed for an accurate determination of the consumption of an electric vehicle throughout year. The developed model has been validated by comparison with experimental measurement of a real vehicle on a real driving cycle. Different commuting trips are analyzed over a complete year. For the considered city in France (Lille), the comfort energy consumption has an overconsumption up to 33% in winter due to heating, and only 15% in summer due to air conditioning. The urban commuting driving cycle is more affected by the comfort subsystem than extra-urban trips.

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