Azelaic acid is an antiacne drug by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase enzyme of Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ) that affects the inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis which occurs in the cytoplasm. Azelaic acid must penetrate through the stratum corneum to the sebaceous tissue and into cytoplasm by passing through thick peptidoglycan of P. acnes . Thus, it is necessary to increase the penetration of azelaic acid that formulated based ethosome. This study using thin-layer hydration method forms an ethosomal suspension with variations of concentration ethanol (30%, 35%, and 40%). Antibacterial activity was conducted using broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antibacterial activity of azelaic acid ethosome cream based was compared with the marketed cream (Zelface ® cream). Azelaic acid ethosome with 35% ethanol has given best result with entrapment efficiency of 94.48% ± 0.14%. Antibacterial activity to P. acnes showed that azelaic acid ethosome-based cream was given better activity than marketed cream (Zelface ® cream). The value of MIC and MBC of azelaic acid ethosome-based cream was 250 μg/ml while the marketed cream (Zelface ® cream) was shown MIC of 250 μg/ml and MBC of 500 μg/ml. This study proved that the azelaic acid ethosome-based cream has better antibacterial activity.

Objective: Azelaic acid as an antibacterial to Propionibacterium acnes bacteria in recent years began to develop as an anti-acne using lipid bilayer vesicles to increase the penetration of azelaic acid to reach sebaceous tissue which is located in the dermis of skin where the growth of bacteria P. acnes. The development of azelaic acid in lipid bilayer vesicles is also due to the absorption of azelaic acid from cream preparations by only 4%. Azelaic acid gel based ethosomes also known give a larger zone of inhibition than azelaic acid creams and gels in the market.Methods: Preparation stability test of azelaic acid cream based ethosome was chemical and physical stability. The observed physics stability was organoleptic changes, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, cycling test, and mechanical test (centrifugal test). While chemical stability was performed to know the concentration of azelaic acid in cream to be periodically. Stability test was conducted for 12 weeks and observation every 2 weeks.Result: Physics stability test of that preparations was odorless, white, no change of phase, homogeneous, viscosity, and flow properties constant. While chemical stability test with the determination for 12 weeks to decreased content. However, these content is still included in the range of accuracy (90-110%). Conclusion:Azelaic acid of ethosome cream was physically and chemically stable.

Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC 50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.

Banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L) contains flavonoid compounds that act as an antioxidant that has the potential to be developed into cosmetic preparations such as peel-off gel masks. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of banana peel flour, PVA, and gelatin on the physical properties of peel-off gel masks and to determine their antioxidant activity. This study uses a factorial design of 23 where the factors used are the concentration of banana peel flour, PVA, and gelatin with 2 levels. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there was a significant effect of each factor and the interaction between factors on the spreadability and drying time of the preparation (p<0.05). F5 with a concentration ratio of banana peel flour, PVA, and gelatin of 5:12:5 was chosen as the optimum formula and continued to antioxidant activity test compared to F4 which had a ratio of concentrations of banana peel flour, PVA, and gelatin of 10:14:3. The antioxidant activity produced by F5 was better than F4 with IC50 values ​​of 525.41 and 355.64 ppm, respectively. It can be concluded that the optimization of the dosage formula will affect the activity of the active substance.

Staphylococcus aureus has been resistant to various antibiotics including erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and piperacillin-tazobactam so that an alternative treatment is needed. The purple sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir) contain flavonoid compounds that have antibacterial activity by inhibiting nucleic acid, protein synthesis, cell membrane, and energy metabolism in bacteria. In this study, ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato leaves is loaded to poly lactic-co-glycolic acid submicroparticles to increase the stability of flavonoids and the antibacterial effect. Submicroparticle gel was prepared with various concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ie F1, F2, and F3 respectively 3%, 5%, and 7%. The antibacterial activity of submicroparticles gel compared with a gel containing extracts without submicroparticle and erythromycin gel as a positive control. Phytochemical test results that the ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato leaves contains flavonoids. Based on the research results, the best formula was F1(3%) with pH, homogeneity, viscosity, dispersibility, adhesion, and washability, respectively 7.4±0.0361; homogeneous; 8358.9±228.1391 cps; 4.2667±0.3005cm; 45.333±2.5166 seconds; 11.6667±1.5275mL. F1 was also shown to have strong antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone value of 13.67±4.04mm.