Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) express high levels of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin. This study aimed to discover a natural active compound with anti-cancer properties that targeted survivin in human breast cancer stem cells. From the seven examined compounds, andrographolide was selected as a lead compound through in silico molecular docking with survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3. We found that the affinity between andrographolide and survivin is higher than that with caspase-9 and caspase-3. Human CD24-/CD44+ BCSCs were treated with andrographolide in vitro for 24 hours. The cytotoxic effect of andrographolide on BCSCs was compared to that on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The expression of survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3 mRNA was analyzed using qRT-PCR, while Thr34-phosphorylated survivin and total survivin levels were determined using ELISA and Immunoblotting assay. Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry assays were performed to evaluate the apoptotic activity of andrographolide. Our results demonstrate that the CC50 of andrographolide in BCSCs was 0.32mM, whereas there was no cytotoxic effect in MSCs. Moreover, andrographolide decreased survivin and Thr34-phosphorylated survivin, thus inhibiting survivin activation and increasing survivin mRNA in BCSCs. The apoptotic activity of andrographolide was revealed by the increase of caspase-3 mRNA and protein, as well as the increase in both the early and late phases of apoptosis. In conclusion, andrographolide can be considered an anti-cancer compound that targets BCSCs due to its molecular interactions with survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3, which induce apoptosis. We suggest that the binding of andrographolide to survivin is a critical aspect of the effect of andrographolide.

No abstract

No abstract

Penggunaan sabun dan air sebagai pencuci badan pada waktu mandi relatif kurang efektif untuk mencegah bau badan. Sehingga dapat  dilakukan beberapa alternatif tindakan lain, seperti menggunakan sediaan kosmetik anti bau badan (deodorant). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari 90% populasi di dunia ini telah menggunakan deodorant untuk mengontrol keringat dan bau di ketiak. Jeruk kalamansi (Citrusfortunela microcarpa) dipercaya dapat menghilangkan bau badan karena memiliki kandungan vitamin C dan flavonoid yang berperan sebagai antioksidan serta antibakteri. Sedangkan kandungan astringent alami pada teh hijau (Camellia sinensis L) dapat mengecilkan pori yang terbuka sehingga mengurangi produksi keringat. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan formulasi deodoran antiperspiran spray dari kombinasi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk kalamansi  dan ekstrak teh hijau dengan tiga formula dengan perbandingan 1:1 yaitu formula 1 dengan perbandingan konsentrasi 1,5%:1,5% Formula 2 dengan perbandingan konsentrasi 0,75%:0,75% dan Formula 3 dengan perbandingan konsentrasi 0,375%:0,375%. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian antibakteri terhadap bakteri Pseuodomonas aureugenisa dan Staphylococcus epidermidis, uji iritasi, uji stabilitas dan uji antiperspiran dengan metode gravimetri. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa pengujian antibakteri memberikan diameter hambat tertinggi sebesar 17,3mm dan 20mm yaitu pada formulasi 1 masuk dalam kategori kuat. sedangkan pengujian antiperspiran dengan pada formula 1 mengurangi produksi keringat  dengan hasil tertinggi sebanyak 9%. Dari hasil pengujian anti iritasi di dapat hasil negatif yang mana menunjukkan tidak terjadi iritasi sehingga aman untuk digunakan

Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC 50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.