The Numidian Sequence represents one of the main tectonostratigraphic units involved in the geological evolution of the Maghrebian orogen during the Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene. Geo-structural aqalysis led to the reconstruction of tectoncstratigraphic units and recognition of two main tectonic phases (Eocene and Lower Miocene). Sedimentological analysis of the studied sections has resulted in the distinction of arenaceous and conglomeratic facies generated by debris flows or high-density turbidity currents on a submarine slope, present within the peliticarenaceous and arenaceous-pelitic sequences which also contain slumped units in places.Previous and new micropalaeontological data indicate Late Oligocene-Early Burdigalian ages for the Numidian sequences of the Constantine Mountains. On the basis of petrographic study the Numidian rocks can be classified as poorly sorted quartzarenites containing siliciclastic matrix. The overall petrographic data indicate that the Continental intercalaire (Hoggar, Tassili and Fezzan) and Series Pharusienne (Hoggar and Eglab) are possible supply areas for the Numidian quartz. Terra Nova, 3,153-165 VI w

Thermal waters emerging along the eastern flank of the northernmost part of the Dead Sea Rift Valley close to the Yarmuk river are dilute, Ca–SO4–(HCO3) and Na–Cl water types with measured temperatures of 35–60 °C and estimated teperatures, according to silica solubility, of 60–110 °C. They are fed only by present‐day recharged meteoric waters (Wadi Hasa, Al Himma and North Shuna thermal baths) and by meteoric waters contaminated with saline waters (El Ma'in thermal Bath). Although they have been known for a long time, there is still dispute about their origins and the source of heat. On the basis of new chemical and isotopic analyses, the saline waters could represent residual pockets of groundwater in equilibrium with those filling the Dead Sea depression before the last retreat of Lake Lisan at 17–15 kyr bp or with the ancient seawaters of the Sedom Lagoon in the early Pleistocene, in both cases unaffected by significant evaporation processes but chemically and isotopically modified by water/rock interaction.

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The walled city of Baku, Icherisheher has been described as one of the best examples of a city that has retained its historical stratigraphy in over a thousand years, where the different influences and its evolution in time may be appreciated. In realising the Master Plan of the historical city, many problems were solved with different information technologies (GIS, DEM, DTM, etc.) for the survey and data mapping management during all the phases of the project. Initially the analysis was addressed to systematic reading of the documents collected during the iconographic study, verifying the process of deterioration that the historic city had suffered during various periods from the Khans to the Tsarist domain, and from the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Soviet period through to its independence. The entire central part of the historic city was analyzed, including not only on its special architectural and urban monuments, but even minor buildings, which are in part still intact, used as a basis for a digital map created in order to focus on Baku's historical evolution. A three-dimensional model of the historic centre of Baku was then produced as a basis not only for virtual navigation in real time, but as additional support for planning studies and to better understand the principles of various design choices. The request to produce a model in VRML format addressed the choice of better modelling methods. The combination of these different technologies and their application in the analysis of historical cities led to further considerations on data acquisition systems, standardization of formats, the use of survey instruments and the use of different software, etc., all fundamental elements to the define their correct use.

Urbino, a city whose historic centre was declared to be part of the UNESCO World Heritage, serves as a case history for the application of innovative research methodologies based on GIS applications in urban contexts. Various phases of research have led to the evolution of a single GIS project that manages the territorial context as well as the geomorphological and historical reconstructions of the evolution of the city from the first Roman settlements to the present day, up to reaching a management of the current urban centre's layout and of the archaeological peculiarities found in the area. In particular, the analysis and urban management phase is presented. All of the features are organised in the Geodatabase environment by taking a threedimensional modelling of floorplans with their relative covering and showing in the correct geographical-spatial location also perspectives, in their 3D morphology. The focus of the work is the integrated management of all the peculiarities of the urban elements, from their composition, to their geometric characteristics, from the state of conservation to the interventions for dynamic monitoring based on complete and upgradeable cartography, useful for the enjoyment and enhancement of the urban areas but also in the context of the decision-making and planning.