Abstract:Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common

Herpes is caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV).HSV-1causes orofacial and genital infections.HSV-2 causes primarily genital infections. In the U.S.HSV-1 is more prevalent than HSV-2, and HSV-2 is predominant among American African, and women. Initial HSV infection is often subclinical. Viral replication occurs in ganglia, virus spreads to other mucosal surfaces through peripheral sensory nerves. Clinical manifestation include, skin and mucosal infection, orofacial herpes, genital herpes, herpetic whitlow, herpes encephalitis, neonatal herpes acquired at the time of delivery, although rare but serious condition and herpes keratitis damage the eyes. Diagnostic tests include, culture, antibodies detection, skin biopsy, and PCR for presence of viral DNA.Topical anesthetic treatment to relieve itching and pain. Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir,valaciclivir and famiciclovir are effective. Antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy is recommended during the last months of pregnancy. Recurrent outbreaks are common and vary between individuals; genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. Development of a drug to block the microRNA whose job is it to suppress HSV-1 into latency, may prevent the outbreaks. Prevention with antiviral medication in conjunction with a condom.

Diphtheria outbreaks, though very rare, still occur worldwide, in the developed and developing countries. Diphtheria has high mortality in non-vaccinated populations. Corynebacterium diphtheria produce very potent toxin when infected with a bacteriophage that migrates the toxin-encoding genetic elements into bacteria. The R domain binds to a cell surface receptor, permitting the toxin to enter the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis.The toxin elaborated locally induces a dense necrotic coagulum composed of fibrin,leukocytosis,dead respiratory epithelial cells, leading to white-gray brown pseudomembrane.,a common cause of death is suffocation after aspiration of membrane. Complications may include myocarditis, inflammation of nerves, kidney problems, and bleeding due to low blood platelets, Diagnosis by isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheria from gram stain or throat culture, or histopathogic diagnosis. Treatment with metronidazole, erythromycin, procaine penicillin G orally or by injection or rifampin or clindamycin for patients with allergies to penicillin or erythromycin.Prevention by immunization, diphtheria vaccine is on the World Health Organization list of essential medicines, most important needed in the basic health system. Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2006-2008, published by CDC are useful.Anti-vaccination groups are doing more harm than good to the society.

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