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The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed a public health emergency in July 2022 due to the emergence of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) while the globe was still dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic. The characteristics of mpox in immunocompetent individuals are well-characterized, despite difficulties in diagnostics, immunization, and access to treatment that persist in low-income countries. Patients with weakened immune systems are more likely to spread an illness and die from it than healthy people because they cannot mount a protective immune response against it, such as a neutralizing IgG and poxvirus-specific Th1 response. A health warning on severe mpox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advice does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe mpox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. However, new cases are still expected to be discovered, especially in low-income countries with limited access to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, and where a large percentage of the mpox-infected population also has advanced HIV infection. Thus, further research is always needed to determine the best way to treat mpox in immunocompromised people. In this context, we discussed /reviewed the mpox clinical presentation, available treatment options and current preventive guidelines in immunocompromised patients.

The World Health Assembly declared that smallpox had been completely eradicated from the human population in 1980. Monkeypox, a zoonosis native to damp forested regions in West and Central Africa, is the illness that is most comparable to smallpox clinically and immunologically. Both illnesses could be prevented by the smallpox vaccine. Although the monkeypox virus is a less effective human disease than the smallpox virus, it could now spread among human populations if smallpox had not been eradicated and population-wide immunity had not been developed. A health warning on severe monkeypox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advise does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. The documented severe signs of monkeypox include widespread rashes with secondary fungal or bacterial skin infections or tissue death (necrosis), intestine obstruction, and difficulties with the heart, lungs, urinary system, and nervous system. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe monkeypox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. The current article goes into great detail about monkeypox disease occurring in immunocompromised patients and preventive guidelines.

Nowadays, nurses should prepare themselves for pandemic events as far in advance as potentially worsening outbreak conditions. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a widespread pandemic disease, especially in a health-care setting. But there are not enough researches done to control & prevent it from transmission among health-care providers. The pandemic has highlighted how protecting the healthy team is key to keeping patients safe and ensuring a functioning health system. Therefore, nurses should have sufficient knowledge and practice about pandemic events through using safety measures in dealing with COVID-19 patients to protect themselves from physical and biological hazards. Aim: Investigate the impact of educational programs regarding safety measures guidelines on nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 patients. Design: Quasiexperimental design. Setting: Medical, surgical, and oncology departments at the Alexandria Main university hospital, Egypt. Sample: A convenience sample of 150 nurses. Results: There was a positive, statistically significant difference between pre & post-educational programs regarding safety measures on studied nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice. A positive, statistically significant correlation between studied nurses' knowledge of the safety measures educational program and their attitude and practice. Conclusion: the educational programs regarding safety measures guidelines improved nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 patients. Recommendations: Efforts should be made to enhance nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practices through periodical follow-up.

Context: Vitamin D deficiency has been combined with fatigue, headache, musculoskeletal pain, weakness, as well as depression. Fatigue is a popular complain among nurses due to working on difficult settings, Low serum vitamin D is more prevalent among obese people; increase of BMI which lead to diminish nurses` self-confidence and feeling of failure. Nurses, who feel fatigue, increase BMI could not be good caregivers to the patients. Aim: the study aimed to examine influence of vitamin D level on self-perceived fatigue, Body Mass Index, and health related quality of life among female nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 female nurses working in the main university hospital, Alexandria University and El-Kaser El-Any Obstetric hospital, Cairo University. Four tools were used for data collection. Tool I: a Structured interview questionnaire, to assess socio-demographic characteristics; Tool II: assessment of two parts: Body mass Index calculation and 25hydroxyvitamin D to determine level of serum vitamin D; tool III: SF-12 to measure general health status and well-being; and tool IV: Fatigue assessment scale was used to assess the perceived fatigue level among female nurses.Results: the highest percent of nurses in both Alexandria and Cairo nurses had insufficiency level of 25-OHD. A statistically significant inverse correlation between vitamin D level and increase BMI, nurses` self-perceived fatigue level was observed while statistically significant direct correlation was found between vitamin D and quality of life.