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Esomeprazole; a newly introduced PPI has been widely prescribed by healthcare providers due to its improved pharmacokinetic profile. Most users could have other diseases and the PPIs are indicated as acid-suppressor to minimize gastric side effects of polypharmacy. A high percentage of users could suffer from cardiovascular diseases and lipid dysmetabolism. Hence, this study was designed to determine the impact of long-term use of esomeprazole on lipid profile in a normal subject other than having peptic ulcer for which esomeprazole has been indicated. Results confirmed that esomeprazole reduced triglyceride and HDL levels and elevated total cholesterol level and correspondingly LDL level was elevated, however, no effect was noticed with VLDL. To sum up, esomeprazole impaired lipid metabolism in apparently normal healthy individuals apart from having peptic ulcer for which the esomeprazole was indicated, this finding rise a caution during prescribing esomeprazole for the patient with multiple diseases and polypharmacy including cardiovascular ailments.

Peptic ulcers are best treated by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), however, other simple gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders should be better treated by other acid neutralizing or anti-secretory agents. Unfortunately, most GIT diseases were reported to be treated by PPIs even though non-indicated cases. The reasons might include ease availability with/without prescription, reduce patient awareness, and overprescription of PPIs by the health care professionals. This study aims to highlight the effect of these drugs on the renal function test. Patients were recruited and enrolled in the study from outpatients private clinics and plasma samples were withdrawn from control healthy, esomeprazole and omeprazole users individuals. Plasma samples were frozen for further analysis, creatinine and urea test were conducted on overall samples and the results were displayed confirming significant dysfunctioning of the renal system from PPIs use. The study concluded that creatinine and urea are higher in a patient on esomeprazole than omeprazole and the control group. The study recommends general awareness of the society about regular use of these medications unless otherwise carefully required.

Background Energy is the basis and assurance for a world's stable development; however, as traditional non-renewable energy sources deplete, the development and study of renewable clean energy have emerged. Using microalgae as a carbon source for anaerobic bacteria to generate biohydrogen is a clean energy generation system that both local and global peers see as promising. Results Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, and their coculture were used to synthesize biohydrogen using Oscillatoria acuminata biomass via dark fermentation. The total carbohydrate content in O. acuminata was 237.39 mg/L. To enhance the content of fermentable reducing sugars, thermochemical, biological, and biological with magnesium zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Mg-Zn Fe2O4-NPs) pretreatments were applied. Crude hydrolytic enzymes extracted from Trichoderma harzianum of biological pretreatment were enhanced by Mg-Zn Fe2O4-NPs and significantly increased reducing sugars (230.48 mg/g) four times than thermochemical pretreatment (45.34 mg/g). K. pneumonia demonstrated a greater accumulated hydrogen level (1022 mLH2/L) than E. cloacae (813 mLH2/L), while their coculture showed superior results (1520 mLH2/L) and shortened the production time to 48 h instead of 72 h in single culture pretreatments. Biological pretreatment + Mg-Zn Fe2O4 NPs using coculture significantly stimulated hydrogen yield (3254 mLH2/L), hydrogen efficiency)216.9 mL H2/g reducing sugar( and hydrogen production rate (67.7 mL/L/h) to the maximum among all pretreatments. Conclusion These results confirm the effectiveness of biological treatments + Mg-Zn Fe2O4-NPs and coculture dark fermentation in upregulating biohydrogen production.

Continuous denture wearing, lack of adequate hygiene and infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans) are among the etiological factors of Denture stomatitis (DS). The management of DS ranges from the implementation of oral hygiene measures and removal of predisposing factors to the use of antifungals, depending on the severity of inflammation. Aim of the study:This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect of heat killed lactobacillus acidophilus -Lacteol Fort® (LF)-as a probiotic and garlic extract -Tomex Plus® (TP)-as a prebiotic on salivary C. albicans counts and biofilm-forming ability, in elderly denture wearers with DS.Methods: This was a single-center, single-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial. 27 complete denture wearers were randomly allocated into 3 groups; group I (control), group II (LF) and group III (TP). Each group was clinically assessed for DS and microbiologically evaluated for salivary C. albicans counts at baseline and after 15 days. The biofilm-forming ability of salivary C. albicans was assessed, as well, for each group at the end of the experimental period.Results: Clinical assessment revealed a reduction in the total erythematous area dimension from 3.00 ± 0.40 mm for group II (LF) and from 3.20 ± 0.54 mm for group III (TP) to ≤2 mm for either group after treatment. Microbiological evaluation showed that C. albicans counts and biofilm-forming ability were significantly lowered in groups II (LF) and III (TP). Conclusion:LF and TP were both found to be effective in reducing DS associated inflammation, C. albicans counts and biofilm-forming ability.