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The diagnosis of drowning is still a difficult task in forensic science. Biochemical changes in different body fluids have been examined for the identification of drowning. However, none of them alone gives accurate results in the diagnosis of drowning and differentiation of saltwater and freshwater drowning. This study aimed to examine cerebrospinal fluid changes in drowned rabbits. Six groups of rabbits were used including immersed dead rabbits in freshwater or saltwater (as control groups), alive fully conscious rabbits drowned in freshwater and saltwater, and anesthetized rabbits drowned in freshwater and saltwater. Cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes except for potassium levels were significantly higher in rabbits drowned consciously in saltwater than their level in the control group. In rabbit drowned in freshwater, the examined electrolytes decreased significantly. In addition, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, and tumor necrosis factor were different in cases of freshwater and saltwater drowning from those of control rabbits. Electrolytes and biochemical changes of unconscious rabbits drowned in water showed no significant difference from those of control rabbits. Cerebrospinal fluid examination in drowning gives promising results in the diagnosis of drowning. In addition, the differentiation between freshwater and saltwater drowning was possible.

Determination of time of death from postmortem changes such as cooling and rigor mortis will be less accurate by progression of postmortem interval (PMI). So, there is another method for estimation of time of death which can withstand putrefactive changes, such as biochemical analysis of body fluids. Aim: this study was done for estimation of time passed since death by analysis of synovial fluid parameters urea, creatinine, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl), and glucose. Methodology: Twenty-six cadavers were examined at postmortem interval: 6-12h, 13-18h, and 19-24h. Results: The results of biochemical analysis in different PMI revealed that urea and Na levels had insignificant change. Each creatinine, Cl, and Ca showed significant change and weak correlation with time lapsed, but the correlation with glucose was moderate. Conclusion: measurement of glucose + chloride followed by glucose alone in synovial fluid may be helpful in determination of PMI.

Orlistat is a widely used anti-obesity agent available as a Mn-prescription medicatio11 in many developed countries. Its long term use may result in an increasing frequency of chronic toxicity. This work was designed to clarify the effect of Orlist.at on the colonic cell proliferation and the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and to investigate the possible ameliorating effect of Ginseng in experimemal animals. Eighty adult male albiM rats were used in this work; group J (control g:oup) received a standard diet. Group II (Ginsertg group) fed on diet containing lo/o red Ginseng. Group lll (high fat diet group, HFD)fed onlO% corn-oil enriched diet. Group IV (Or/is tat group) received oral Orlistat (125 mg I kg I day), group V (Orlistat + HFD group). Group VI (HFD + Ginseng group). Group VII (Or/istat + Ginseng group) and lastly group VII! (Orlistat + HFD + Ginseng group). After 16 weeks, animals were sacrificed and their colons were immunostained using proliferating cell n.uclear antigen (PCNA) as a marker of cell proliferation which is the biomarker of increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal cancer. Results showed that Orlistat and / or HFD resulted in increased immuMlabelling for PCNA causing a statistically significant increase in PCNA-labelling Index (PCNA-LI) when compared with the control groups. Ginseng when combined with Orlistat or HFD or Orlistat + HFD caused a significant decrease of both the immu110labelling and PCNA-Ll. Consequently, it has been proposed to clarify the long-term impact of Orlistat treatment for physicians working in this field and for the public by the drug brochure. Also, Ginseng should be given with Orlistat as a protective agent to ameliorate its p roliferative effect on the colonic mucosa. INTRODUCT ION Obesity is an ever-expanding global health problem, whi ch contributes sigruficantly to individual poor health and societal burden of disease. A nwnber of con-Mansoura J. ForensicMed. Cli11. Toxicol. comitant pathological processes and diseases are associated with obesity including coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, n on-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and certain forms of cancer. Besides changes in diet, behavior and physi

Background:The hypertension affects about one third of the adult persons all over the world. Amlodipine is a common drug used for treatment of this disease. Infertility is one of the side effects of amlodipine, but remains not completely explained . The antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and the anti-inflammatory effects of the omega-3 on many tissues including the testis had been documented. Aim of the work:To observe the effects of amlodipine exposure on the albino rat testis using a light and an electron microscopy. Also, to assess whether these effects were decreased by withdrawal of the drug or intake of omega-3. Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 4 groups, 10 rats each. Group (1), was the control. Group (2), Amlodipine treated group, the rats received 5 mg of amlodipine besylate dissolved in 333 ml of a normal saline daily orally for 2 months. Group (3), Amlodipine plus omega-3, the rats received 5 mg of amlodipine besylate dissolved in 333 ml of a normal saline daily orally plus omega-3 in a dose of 400 mg/kg b. w. daily orally for 2 months. Group (4), withdrawal group, the rats received 5 mg of amlodipine besylate dissolved in 333 ml of a normal saline daily orally for 2 months, then stop the drug and wait 3 months. All the animals of group 1, 2 and 3 were sacrificed after 2 months. The rats of group (4) sacrificed after 5 months. The rat testicular functions were assessed histo-pathologically by a light and an electron microscope and biochemically by free serum testosterone level measurement. Results: Regarding the testosterone level, amlodipine group had significantly lower level than the control and the withdrawal groups. The light microscopical examination of the testicular tissue of group (2) showed marked degenerative changes and arrested spermatogenesis in most seminiferous tubules, while these degenerative changes in group ( 3) appeared milder than that of the previous group. Most of the seminiferous tubules of group (4) retained its normal structure. Electro-microscopic examination of the group of amlodipine revealed several abnormalities such as multiple dilated mitochondria, multiple lipid droplets, and highly cytoplasmic vacuoles. The spermatids of the same group showed inverted acrosome and highly distorted ruptured plasma membrane. The fine structural features of group (3) had minimal vacuolations and lipid droplets. The withdrawal group revealed a nearly normal appearance of the testicular cells. Conclusion:A low dose of amlodipine causes testicular toxicity but an improvement was occurred after the stoppage of the drug. Also, omega-3 had an ameliorative role on the amlodipine testicular toxicity.