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Aim: To come up with a newly developed survey tool that will measure the students' level of quality in writing nursing care plans (NCPs).Background: Exploring various challenges of students in writing NCP would enlighten educators to design innovative strategies on how to mitigate gaps between nursing education and practice.Methods: This study utilized an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design in three stages. In phase 1, qualitative semi-structured interviews of 22 students were conducted, and the data were analysed using the Colaizzi method. In phase 2, qualitative results were transformed into survey components, constructs and items, and the data were developed into a new survey tool based on the nursing process system (NPS) model. In phase 3, a quantitative cross-sectional survey of 195 nursing students was conducted to measure their level of quality in writing NCP, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics of the SPSS software. Results: In the first (qualitative) phase, five themes emerged from various challenges of nursing students in writing care plans: (a) data gathering; (b) identifying clients' problems; (c) formulating sustainable goals; (d) providing appropriate interventions; and (5) recognizing client's outcomes. In the second phase, a valid and reliable tool called the Student Survey on Writing Nursing Care Plan (SSW-NCP) was developed and tested. Lastly, in the third (quantitative) phase, the nursing students have shown a 'very good' level of quality in writing NCP. Conclusion: Determining students' level of quality in writing NCP would come up with comprehensive ways of improving student competencies in patient care management. Implications for Nursing Management:The survey tool that is formulated from the study will provide relevant information for nurse educators and managers in managing students' and registered nurses' capabilities in writing an excellent care plan.

Lifestyle and diet preferences are primarily responsible for developing type 2 diabetes. In this study, okara was manufactured into okara whey crackers (OWC) to investigate its dietary role in controlling diabetes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with and without a high-fat diet. Forty-eight rats were divided into eight groups. G1-G4 were nondiabetic and fed a basal diet, a basal diet with 30% crackers, high fat diet, and a high-fat diet with 30% crackers, respectively. G5-G8 were diabetic groups that received similar diets as previous groups. Blood glucose, liver function, lipid pattern, pancreas and liver histopathology, and insulin immunohistochemistry were performed. OWC improved measured parameters and histopathology of the liver and pancreas in diabetic rats. The area % of positive insulin cells was increased in G6(5.20%) and G8 rats (2.83%) fed OWC compared to diabetic rats (1.17%). In conclusion, the use of 30% OWC in a semi-modified diet has controlled the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes.

The objective of this research is to study the effect of packaging materials and storage periods on viability and vigor of seed and changes of some chemical components during storage. Seed samples of five wheat varieties (Sids 12, Sakha 93, Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 10 and Giza 168) have been processed and dried to 12% moisture. The samples were stored in different packages (clothes, plastic, aluminum and polyethylene) for 18 months at room temperature. Changes in seed viability, seedling vigor and some chemical composition (crude protein and total carbohydrate) were determined every six months. Quality parameters such as seed viability (germination %, seed vigor index, accelerated aging germination %, electrical conductivity, seed index, seedling characters and chemical components as affected by storage period and package materials revealed that highly significant differences in seed quality between tested varieties. Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 10 and Giza 168 had more favorable abilities for better storability and had the highest germination percentage and the lowest electrical conductivity than other varieties. Also Gemmeiza 7 and Gemmeiza 10 had the highest significant crude protein and 1000-seed weight and the lowest carbohydrate content compared with other varieties. There was a high reduction in seed germination and seedling vigor as the storage period increased, however, the poor vital seeds were recorded after 18 months from storage. The seed germination percentage for tested varieties after 12 and 18 months of storage was less than the recommended level of standard germination of wheat seed (85%). Wheat seed stored in aluminum and polyester bags showed high seed germination, seedling vigor and kept nutrient contents, and therefore they could delay seed quality deterioration compared with plastic and clothes bags.

Biochemical assay, microbial load determination, and sensory evaluation of Egyptian Catfish fillets were examined during frozen storage at -18 ºC up to 12 months. The initial chemical composition of Catfish fillet was moisture 73.01%, protein 80.96%, Crude oil 09.52%, crude ash 7.30%, and total carbohydrate 2.11%. The frozen storage process showed a significant effect on the chemical composition of studied Catfish fillets. pH and WHC values were decreased significantly whereas the TVBN and TBA values significantly increased in Catfish fillets with prolong of storage period. The microbial activities decreased during frozen storage. The total bacterial counts were 4.10, 2.11 and 2.71 (cfu×10 3 /g) in the zero, 6 and 12 months for frozen Catfish fillets, respectively. All sensory characteristics except taste and overall acceptability were significantly decreased at the end of the storage period. This study is highly significant to fulfil the consumer issue concerning the time it takes to preserve Catfish fillets without damaging public health in domestic freezers.