The
blood red color of pigmented orange fruit varieties [
Citrus
sinensis
L. (Osbeck)] is due to the presence of anthocyanin
pigments that largely contribute to determine the high organoleptic
qualities and the nutritional properties of the fruits. The content
of pigments in sweet orange depends primarily on genetic factors and
on environmental conditions. In particular, it has been extensively
shown that cold temperature induces an increase of anthocyanin content
that is achieved by the induction of the related gene expression.
The purpose of our work is to understand the mechanism underlying
the color variegation occurring inside the blood oranges during the
cold induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis, despite the fact that
the entire fruit is genotypically programmed to produce pigments.
Therefore, the amount of anthocyanin and the expression of both structural
and regulatory genes have been monitored in either high-pigmented
(HP) or not/low pigmented (NP) segments of the same fruit during the
storage at 4 °C for a total experimental period of 25 days. Our
results clearly indicate that the anthocyanin content is directly
correlated with the levels of gene transcription, with higher pigmented
areas showing higher enhancement of gene expression. Furthermore,
we analyzed the reshaping of the DNA methylation status at the promoter
regions of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, such
as
DFR
and
Ruby
. Our results unequivocally
demonstrate that in the promoter regions of both
DFR
and
Ruby
, the amount of cytosine methylation strongly
decreases along the cold storage in the HP areas, whereas it increases
in the NP areas of the same fruit, probably causing a partial block
of the gene transcription. Finally, by measuring the changes in the
expression levels of the
Citrus
DNA demethylases,
we found that DML1 might play a crucial role in determining the observed
demethylation of
DFR
and
Ruby
promoters,
with its expression induced by cold in the HP areas of the fruits.
This is the first report in which different levels of gene expression
implicated in anthocyanin production in blood orange fruit is correlated
with an epigenetic control mechanism such as promoter methylation.
The biosynthesis of sweet orange anthocyanins is triggered by several environmental factors such as low temperature. Much less is known about the effect of biotic stress on anthocyanin production in sweet orange, although in other species anthocyanins are often indicated as “defense molecules”. In this work, citrus fruits were inoculated with Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mold, and the amount of anthocyanins and the expression of genes related to their biosynthesis was monitored by RT-real time PCR after 3 and 5 days from inoculation (DPI). Moreover, the status of cytosine methylation of DFR and RUBY promoter regions was investigated by McrBC digestion followed in real-time. Our results highlight that fungal infection induces anthocyanin production by activating the expression of several genes in the biosynthetic pathway. The induction of gene expression is accompanied by maintenance of high levels of methylation at the DFR and RUBY promoters in the inoculated fruits, thus suggesting that DNA methylation is not a repressive mark of anthocyanin related gene expression in sweet orange subjected to biotic stress. Finally, by measuring the expression levels of the Citrus DNA demethylase genes, we found that none of them is up-regulated in response to fungal infection, this result being in accordance with the observed maintenance of high-level DFR and Ruby promoter regions methylation.
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