Dementia is associated with the gradual impairment of mental ability. The population of people suffering from dementia is as large as 50 million. Most dementia cases result from various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) linked by a progressive degeneration of neurons. Among NDs, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia and accounts for 60-80% of cases. Certain pathological changes on the cellular and subcellular level occur even 15 years before the manifestation of clinical symptoms of AD. This first asymptomatic phase of AD is considered a preclinical stage, whereas mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the symptomatic pre-dementia stage. The third, fully symptomatic phase of AD is dementia due to AD. The presence of specific proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be considered as a characteristic feature of some NDs. The measurement of their CSF concentrations, together with neuropsychological examination and neuroimaging, may be useful for diagnosing AD. The collection of CSF samples is performed by lumbar puncture, which is a medical procedure that requires obtaining informed consent from patients. While asymptomatic AD patients have full legal capacity, those with dementia require a legal guardian who will represent them. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the legal systems regulating the legal capacity issue in the USA, U.K. (England and Wales), Germany, and Poland. These countries have been chosen as examples of three different types of legal orders, according to the sources of law, i.e., civil law, common law, and case law.
The article aims to analyze dogmatic aspects of criminal protection ofmonuments in Polish Penal Code and reveal theoretical doubts connectedwith the offences specifed in Penal Code. The Author attempts to presentoverviews of doctrine on discussed issued and to describes the proposals delege ferenda.
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie przestępczości narkotykowej zorganizowanych grup przestępczych w Polsce. Autorzy początkowo odnieśli się do opisu działalności i zadań Centralnego Biura Śledczego Policji, ponieważ niniejszy artykuł bazuje na sprawozdaniu z działalności tej instytucji. Następnie dokonano krótkiej charakterystyki zorganizowanych grup przestępczych w Polsce. W kolejnej części dokonano analizy i charakterystyki zorganizowanej przestępczości narkotykowej. Odniesiono się do nielegalnej produkcji amfetaminy, innych narkotyków syntetycznych oraz prekursorów do ich produkcji, przemytu amfetaminy i innych narkotyków syntetycznych, przemytu i uprawy konopi oraz haszyszu, przemytu kokainy i heroiny oraz do przestępstw popełnianych w związku z wprowadzaniem na rynek narkotykowy nowychsubstancji psychoaktywnych i środków zastępczych. Rozważania zakończono krótką charakterystyką działań prewencyjnych.
The paper focuses on the notion of disability in the documents of selected international organisations. The social model approach to disability has been implemented since the second half of the 20 th century
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