An acceleration of the wine industry globalization process has occurred in the last decades due to increased competition, the emergence of new producers and exporters, and the existence of new wine consuming countries. All this has led to global changes in production strategies and marketing. The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes that have occurred in the global wine export dynamics and define its determinants; to do so a gravity model was estimated in which (a) the main wine producers and consumers involved in international trade are present, (b) two distinctive scenarios are present: one of continuous change (1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999), and one of an established export dynamic (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), and (c) bulk and bottled wines are considered. The main results show that higher incomes, lower prices, cultural and geographical affinities, and trade agreements promote wine exports; the expansion of bottled wine trade, especially within the EU, is particularly highlighted. [EconLit citations: C40; F14; Q1]. C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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This article determines the factors that influence Chinese wine consumption and, thus, contribute to define an average Chinese wine consumer profile for the years 2000 to 2014. The article proposes a model that explains the variations in the consumption of wine in China, because of traditional factors of the theory of demand (price of wine, income, and price of a substitute good), and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, marital status, level of education, geographical area, and tourism activities). The article reveals that an increased income, a married marital status, living in an urban area, and tourism activities, significantly and positively contributed to the increase of wine consumption in China. In addition, the article demonstrates that wine is not a substitute of beer in China, and that it is hard to associate an increase of wine consumption with the gender and the educational level of the average Chinese. In contrast, age negatively and significantly influenced the wine consumption in China, meaning that wine consumers are becoming younger.

The world wine sector has been greatly changing in recent years; its level of competitiveness is on the rise.In this new environment, many small businesses are joining the industry and developing their activity in geographical regions with less wine tradition. These new wineries in less traditional wine regions have broadened the concept of the industry by linking it with tourism; perhaps with more strength than in other more traditional areas, where this change in the business model has also occurred. To understand what the drivers of a better performance to this new typology of wineries are, this article has surveyed the wineries of the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island, in the northeast of the U.S., a new wine region in the world.Through a questionnaire, the strategies these wineries follow and their relevant management capabilities in relationship with their performance have been analyzed. The conclusions show how the management capabilities the wineries own are as important as the strategy of differentiation they follow in their pursue and obtention of a competitive advantage; and that it is a service and tourism-oriented strategy that eventually facilitates this advantage. The managerial skills of creating an efficient and coordinated organizational structure together with their conception of this service-oriented business, where the tourism aspect plays a fundamental role, seems evident when defining the resources and capabilities that generate their sustainable performance.

SUMMARYThis article defines the demographic and socio-economic profile of wine consumers in Europe over the past twenty-five years. It is showed that, although there could be a convergence in wine consumption in Europe, the consumer profiles of the main European wine consumer countries still differ. The article concludes that net importers wine consuming countries in Europe, in this case Germany and the United Kingdom, have wine consumers that are demographically different to the traditional European wine consumer's profile from the producing wine countries, in this case France, Italy, and Spain. RESUMOEste artigo define o perfil demográfico e socioeconómico dos consumidores de vinho na Europa nos últimos vinte e cinco anos. Mostra-se que, embora possa existir uma convergência no consumo de vinho na Europa, os perfis do consumidor de vinho dos principais países consumidores de vinho europeus ainda diferem. O artigo conclui que os importadores líquidos dos países consumidores de vinho na Europa, neste caso, Alemanha e Reino Unido, têm consumidores de vinhos que são demograficamente diferentes do perfil tradicional do consumidor vitivinícola europeu dos países produtores de vinho, neste caso França, Itália e Espanha.