Can new hybrid perovskites be predicted using the tolerance factor?

Solar water splitting is a promising solution for the renewable production of hydrogen as an energy vector. To date, complex or patterned photoelectrodes have shown the highest water splitting efficiencies, but lack scalable routes for commercial scale-up. In this article, we report a direct and scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route at atmospheric pressure, for a single step fabrication of complex nanoneedle structured WO3 photoanodes. Using a systematic approach, the nanostructure was engineered to find the conditions that result in optimal water splitting. The nanostructured materials adopted a monoclinic γ-WO3 structure and were highly oriented in the (002) plane, with the nanoneedle structures stacking perpendicular to the FTO substrate. The WO3 photoanode that showed the highest water splitting activity was composed of a ∼300 nm seed layer of flat WO3 with a ∼5 μm thick top layer of WO3 nanoneedles. At 1.23 VRHE, this material showed incident photon-to-current efficiencies in the range ∼35–45% in the UV region (250–375 nm) and an overall solar predicted photocurrent of 1.24 mA·cm–2 (∼25% of the theoretical maximum for WO3). When coupled in tandem with a photovoltaic device containing a methylammonium lead iodide perovskite, a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ca. 1% for a complete unassisted water splitting device is predicted

The nature and effects of rhodium and antimony doping in TiO2 have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Combinatorial AACVD has achieved the production of various niobium/nitrogen co-doped TiO2 materials in a single film. The co-doping concentrations have been correlated with functional properties.