“…87,90,91,100,156,157 Certain studies do, however, acknowledge the lack of dopant parity such as those by Bartlett et al and Chadwick et al. 86,88,89 It should be noted that the majority of synthesis studies, which have attempted to produce codoped anatase TiO 2 , have utilized growth conditions that are nonequilibrium in nature, and where kinetic effects can play a large role. None of these methods, however, has managed to reach full passivation.…”