This research was undertaken to study the molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water sources at Samsun and Giresun Provinces of The Black Sea in Turkey. Two-hundred forty and one-hundred eighty environmental samples were collected from a total of twenty and twenty-five sampling sites of Giresun and Samsun Provinces. One hundred twenty untreated drinking water samples were also detected for Cryptosporidium spp. in both investigated areas. 101 (%42), 92 (%38.3) of 240 and 74 (41.1%), 70 (38.8%) of 180 environmental samples have been found positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targeting the S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAM) gene and nested PCR targeting small subunit (SSU)rRNA gene in Samsun and Giresun Provinces, respectively. Of the tested untreated drinking water samples collected from the investigated area, one sample was positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Six and twelve samples were clearly sequenced for the Cryptosporidium (SSU)rRNA gene among the highest positive samples selected from each of the twenty and twenty-five sampling sites of Giresun and Samsun Provinces, respectively. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from water samples represented Cryptosporidium bovis for five samples, Cryptosporidium parvum for six samples and one sample for Cryptosporidium felis in Samsun Province, where C. parvum for five samples and C. bovis for one sample were sequenced in Giresun Province. According to accessible information sources, this is the first research about genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in water samples collected from Samsun and Giresun Provinces of Turkey.
ÖZAmaç: Çalışmada Samsun'a ili ve ilçelerindeki çevresel sularda parazitlerin varlığını saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Samsun İl Merkezi'nde13 istasyon belirlenmiştir. Araştırma Mart 2012-Şubat 2013 arasında yapılmış olup her ay belirlenen tarihlerde su örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler direk bakı ile incelendikten sonra kinyonun asit fast, modifiye trichrome ve trichrome boyaları ile boyanmıştır. Preparatlar ışık mikroskobunda parazitolojik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada incelenen 228 su örneğinin 180'i akarsu, 48'i içme suyu olup 142 Giardia sp., 132 Cryptosporidium spp., 56 Cyclospora spp., 38 Microsporidia, 47 Blastocystis spp, 38 Entamoeba coli kisti, 18 Dientemoeba, 9 Chilomastix, 9 Strongyloides spp. 6, kancalı kurt saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Bölgede hayvancılığın ve tarımın yaygın olarak yapılması ve akarsu etrafının otlak alanı olarak kullanılması belirlenen bazı protozoonların belirli dönemlerde fazla görülmesine neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bölgedeki insan ve hayvanlarda parazitolojik çalışmaların yapılarak kontrol programlarının uygulanması gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Samsun, akarsu, deniz suyu, içme suyu, parazitler Geliş Tarihi: 14.02.2014Kabul Tarihi: 07.06.2016ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of parasites in environmental waters in Samsun and its districts. Methods: At the center of Samsun, 13 stations were determined. The research was performed between March 2012 and February 2013, and every month, water samples were collected on the dates stated. The samples were stained with Kinyoun acid-fast, modified trichrome, and trichrome dyes after examining with the direct bond. The preparations were evaluated in terms of parasitologic under a light microscope. Results: Totally, 180 of 228 water samples analyzed were from streams; of these, 48 were drinking water samples. The following were found: 142 Giardia spp., 132 Cryptosporidium spp., 56 Cyclospora spp., 38 microsporidia, 47 Blastocystis spp., 38 Entamoeba coli cysts, 18 Dientamoeba, 9 Chilomastix, 9 Strongyloides spp., and 6 hookworms. Conclusion:The widespread use of animal husbandry and agriculture in the region and the use of stream surroundings as a grazing area increase the presence of some determined protozoa during a certain period. Parasitological studies in humans and animals in the region should be conducted, and control programs should be applied.
Aim: It was aimed to determine the presence of parasites and helminths in the environmental waters of the Terme and Kocaman districts of Samsun. Meterial and Methods:In this study, 6 stations in Terme and 6 stations in Kocaman Miliç River areas were included. The research was conducted between August 2012 -July 2013 and every month water samples were collected. The pellet part of the supernatant samples was examined on the same day by native-lugol methods. The samples were also examined by kinyoun acid fast, Weber's modified trichrome and trichrome methods. The samples were painted and evaluated according to parasitologic terms. Results: As a result of water sample examination, 144 Cryptosporidium spp., oocysts 96 Cyclospora spp., oocysts 60 Strongyloides spp., larvae 36 Microsporidia spores, 48 Blastocystis spp. granular forms, 24 Chilomastix spp. trophozoits, 24 Balantidium spp. trophozoits, 60 hookworm eggs and 132 Giardia spp. cysts have been observed. Conclusion:The animal husbandry made in those regions, direct discharge of the waste water pipes into the river, the usage of this water for irrigation and animal drinking and water cooling explain the presence of parasites in the water. As water is an agricultural, industrial and domestic requirement, it should be free of pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the criteria related to its potential use. Water, which is a domestic requirement for agriculture and industry, needs to be purified from pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the criteria for its potential use.
* Bu çalışma, 18. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi (29 Eylül-5 Ekim 2013, Denizli)'nde poster olarak sunulmuştur. ÖZETToksoplazmoz, immün sistemi yeterli yetişkinlerde çoğu zaman asemptomatik geçirilmekle birlikte, immün sistemi baskılanmış kişilerde ve gebe kadınlarda ciddi tablolara yol açabilir. Ülkemizde genel popülasyondaki ortalama Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalansının %40 oranında olması, bu grup olgularda akut toksoplazmoz gelişme riskinin yüksek olduğunu düşündürmektedir. T.gondii'nin bulaşma i i yollarından biri de kontamine suların tüketimidir. Bu çalışmada, çevresel su ve içme suyu örneklerinde, standart polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) ve ilmiğe dayalı izotermal amplifi kasyon (LAMP) yöntemleri ile T.gondii'nin varlığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, Giresun il merkezi ile çeşitli ilçelerindeki i i (Piraziz, Bulancak, Keşap, Espiye) derelerden alınan 76 çevresel kaynaklı su örneği ile 20 içme suyu örneği olmak üzere toplam 96 örnek dahil edilmiştir. Örnekler alüminyum sülfatla çöktürüldükten sonra sükroz gradient yöntemiyle pellet oluşturulmuş ve DNA izolasyonu yapılarak PCR ve LAMP yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Her iki yöntemde de parazitin B1 genine özgül F3 ve B3 primerleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, içme suyu örneklerinde PCR ve LAMP ile T.gondii varlığı saptanmamış; ancak çevresel su örneklerinin i %13.2 (10/76)'sinde T.gondii DNA pozitifl iği tespit edilmiştir. Her iki yöntem ile alınan sonuçların i aynı olduğu izlenmiştir. Parazitin tespit edildiği istasyonlar, Giresun merkezinde Aksu; Espiye ilçesinde Gelivera; Keşap ilçesinde Yolağzı, Keşap, Keşap giriş köprüsü; Bulancak ilçesinde Bulancak, Karadere, İncivez; Piraziz ilçesinde Piraziz ve Çayırağzı dereleridir. T.gondii'nin klorlamaya karşı dayanıklı olması ve ' 'Geliş Tarihi
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