Numerous studies have been previously conducted to assess the Beck Depression Inventory-II's [BDI II; Beck et al., 1996] psychometric properties. However, none of these studies has examined whether the original cut-off scores were applicable to other cultures. Thus, in addition to evaluating its psychometric properties, we also determined the cut-off scores of the BDI II for the Turkish population. Data from nonclinical (n = 362) and clinical psychiatric outpatients diagnosed as depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 176) were gathered. Analyses for internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities and for convergent and discriminant validities were computed. Two confirmatory factor analyses, one derived from the present exploratory factor analyses and the other proposed in the original study were conducted for both groups. A receiver operating characteristics curve was utilized to determine the cut-off scores for the Turkish population revealing 0-12 for minimal, 13-18 for mild, 19-28 for moderate and 29-63 for severe depression. The internal consistency for the nonclinical and clinical groups were .90 and .89, respectively; test-retest stability was also high (r = .94). Convergent and discriminant validity results were satisfactory. Findings confirmed the present model for the clinical group and equally confirmed both models for the nonclinical group. Furthermore, the cut-off scores to classify minimal, mild, moderate, and severe depression were quite akin to the cut-off points previously suggested for the American population. Taken as a whole our findings revealed that BDI II has sound psychometric properties and comparable cut-off scores for the Turkish population.

The majority of eligible children cannot access early intervention services in Turkey, often because they are not assessed. The authors adapted the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) for Turkish children ages 3 to 72 months. Study participants consisted of 375 children who were classified as at risk for developmental delays, 564 children considered not at risk for developmental delays (both groups according to standardized assessments), and 39 children with known disabilities. The ROC analyses indicated that a two-domain criterion for classification would be used to classify children as at risk, unlike the original ASQ, which had a one-domain classification. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ASQ were .94, .85, .97, and .75, respectively. Test—retest and interrater reliabilities calculated as overall percentage agreements were found to be 82% and 87%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the ASQ could be used to screen Turkish children who are at risk for developmental delays.

The current study examined the psychometric properties and cut-off scores of the Beck Depression Inventory II in Turkish adolescents. A total of 503 non-clinical and 166 clinical adolescents participated in the study. Test-retest (r = .89) and internal consistency (alpha = .90) reliabilities, convergent validity (r = .81) and discriminant validities (r = .39, r = .49 and r = .42) were satisfactory. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors. The cut-off score for mild depression in Turkish adolescents was lower than that reported previously for adults. The findings are discussed in relation to those of previous studies conducted in other countries.

ÖZ:Bu çalışmanın amacı, a) ilköğretim 4. ve 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin maruz kaldıkları zorbalık türleri, bunların görülme sıklığı, b) zorbalığın görülme türünde sosyo-ekonomik düzey, sınıf düzeyi ve cinsiyete bağlı farklılıkların olup olmadığı ve son olarak c) zorbalığa maruz kalıp kalmamanın benlik saygısı, depresyon, durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeylerinde nasıl bir farklılaşmaya neden olduğunu araştırmaktır. Araştırmaya 99 kız ve 107 erkek olmak üzere toplam 206 öğrenci katılmıştır (Yaş X=10.8, SS=.62). Analizler, öğrencilerin %40 oranında bedensel, sözel, duygusal ve cinsel zorbalığa maruz kaldıklarını, zorbalığın demografik değişkenlerden çok psikolojik değişkenlerle bağlantılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular zorbalığın eğitim ortamında gösterilmesi bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Zorbalık, öğrenci, depresyon, benlik saygısı, kaygı, zorbalık türleri Bullying type and severity among elementary school students and its relationship with depression, anxiety and self esteem ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to find out a) types and prevalence rates of bullying experienced by the 4th and 5th grade children, b) sosyo-economic status, grade and gender differences on the level and type of bullying and finally c) how the self-esteem, depression, state and trait anxiety levels of these pupils differed by the experience/type of bullying. Of the 206 children 99 were girls and 107 were boys with a mean age of 10.8 (SD=.62). The results demonstrated that 40% of children have been exposed to physical, verbal, emotional and sexual bullying. Bullying is also found to be more related to psychological variables, rather than demographic ones.

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