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Indonesia is witnessing an increasing number of activities by the Free Papuan Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka, OPM), both violent and nonviolent, designed to undermine Indonesia's legitimacy in Papua. OPM's political goal is to separate West Papua from the Republic of Indonesia. West Papua, which comprises Papua province and West Papua province, has endured low-level violent resistance from OPM since 1969. This resistance began occurring more frequently after the controversial "act of free choice," a referendum process that resulted in Papuan representatives' unanimous decision to stay within Indonesia's sovereignty. But some view the referendum itself as fraudulent.* 1 Between 2009 and 2014, according to the Papua Regional Police's 2015 Threat Perception Report, there were 166 cases of violence involving the OPM. From 2006 to 2014, civilians were the victims of most of the armed violence, accounting for fifty-nine fatalities, followed by personnel (twentyseven) and the military (twenty-two).2 * This violence culminated in Enden Wanimbo's

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