The purpose of this work is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of vision problems and their repercussions in the schooling of children in Libreville and Owendo. Methodology: This transversal and descriptive study was carried out in May and June 2011. Included in the study were children in the 7 th and 8 th grades of the primary schools in Libreville and Owendo. For each child, an eye exam, including the subjective measure of visual acuity, was carried out using the Monoyer scale, and the color vision assessment was carried out with the Ishihara test. Any visual capacity under or equal to 7/10 th in at least one eye was considered to be pathological. We gathered information about demographic characteristics, any preceding vision issues on the record, data on other medical problems on the record and the eye examination on computer cards. Results: Nine hundred and sixty-three children (416 boys and 517 girls, with a gender ratio of 0.86) were examined. The average age was 12 ± 1.7 years old. The prevalence of the drop in visual acuity was 16.2%. The prevalence of color vision anomalies was 15.5%. Complaints concerning vision problems were significantly more present from children with a drop in visual acuity (p < 0.01). Visual anomalies had an impact on the children's schoolwork, and yet, visits to the ophthalmologist's office were few. Conclusion: The frequency of anomalies in vision justifies systematic screening in schools and organization of an appropriate treatment.

Objectives: To assess the associations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Framingham cardiovascular (CVD) with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: A cross-sectional study of random sample of 200 T2DM Central Africans. Sociobiographical, laboratory and eye examination main outcome measures were investigated using Tertiles of HDL-C (stratification = lowest < 40 mg/dL, normal or interdemiate = 40 -74.9 mg/dL, highest ≥ 75 mg/dL) and Framingham risk stratification (<10% and ≥10%) by logistic regression models. Results: Out of 200 T2DM patients, 120 (35.5%) had DR and out of DR patients, 116 (n = 96.7%) had VD. There was a significant Ushaped relationship between DR rates and HDL-C stratification. In the normal HDL-C group, elevated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 10-year Framingham risk > 10% were the significant independent determinants for DR. In the highest HDL-C group, smoking status and 10-year Framingham risk ≥ 10% were the significantly independent determinants for DR. In 10-year Framingham risk ≥ 10% group, smoking status, insulin resistance and increasing levels of HDL-C were the significantly independent determinants for DR. Conclusion: DR and VD remain a public health problem in T2DM Central Africans. Some Central Africans with DR and VD appear to have higher HDL-C than T2DM Central Africans without DR and VD. HDL-C in T2DM patients with DR, may be tightly * Corresponding author. B. Longo-Mbenza et al. 180controlled by genetic factors (black Bantu ethnicity) than the other lipoproteins as reported among Indians, African-Americans, and Japanese individuals. The most preventable environmental risk factors for DR were smoking status, global cardiovascular disease risk, insulin resistance and oxidative stress.

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