In recent years, small-scale LNG has contributed significantly in supplying the demand from industry users of natural gas as clean fuel. Small-scall LNG has the advantages of providing the greater operational flexibility and lower initial investment cost than conventional LNG or pipeline supply. Focusing on the case in Indonesia, many designed gas-fuel power plants are located in remote area or in the limited depth of water level especially in eastern part of Indonesia, such as Lombok and Bali. Therefore, small-scall LNG is purposed to overcome the natural gas demand in such conditions. Two scenarios were developed in this study in utilizing the conventional LNG carriers to deliver the natural gas from origin located in LNG terminal Benoa, Bali, to several power plants in Bali and Lombok. Both scenarios are new ship LNG building and the conversion of Landing Craft Tank (LCT) into non-conventional LNG carrier. Economic analysis on the LNG Distribution to power plants in Bali and Lombok utilizing mini LNG carriers is the main objective of this study. Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) including mini-LNG carrier, investment in jetty, storage facility, regasification unit and the system distribution to the power plant were considered. While the Operational Expenditure (OPEX) consist of operational and maintenance cost in receiving terminal and LCT. The result of this papers can be concluded that based on the economic perspective, utilizing the mini LNG carriers are feasible and requires relatively small cost to supply the LNG demand in Lombok and Bali.

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To avoid fuel scarcity, exploitation activities must be carried out to meet the needs of oil in Indonesia. In the process of oil exploitation, facilities are needed to carry out a fluid transfer system from one place to another. One way to carry out the process of fluid transfer at an offshore location is the use of an underwater piping system. However, in the transfer of fluid from one place to another there is a danger that can cause failures in the pipeline system. For example, if an underwater gas pipeline is in the shipping lanes, international and national vessels, there is a possibility of danger that could occur due to a third party. In making this thesis the risk assessment is assessed using the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard. Based on the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard, hazards that may occur in underwater gas pipelines are hazards caused by falling or dropped anchors, anchored dragged pipes and destroyed ship (ship sinking). In risk assessment using the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard, the consequence analysis conducted refers to the damage to the subsea pipeline. After getting the analysis results from the index values that have been made, proceed with making a risk representation using the Risk Matrix. Pipelines that have been evaluated and representations in the risk matrix are in the ALARP zone (as low as reasonably practical) and in acceptable zone.

Natural gas is distributed around Indonesia mainly to be used as fuel in electrical power plants. The increase of consumption of electricity in Indonesia is on average of 6.8% annually. In response, the government considers developing gas power plants in central parts of Indonesia. As an archipelago, Indonesia depends heavily in connectivity between islands which is obviously supported by seaborne vessels or ships. These facts make the LNG transportation a complex matter in Indonesia. The distribution of LNG by ship can be designed as a hub and spokes liner shipping. A single hub and spokes network has one hub port and several feeder ports. In LNG supply chain network, the hub is the liquefaction plant and the feeder ports are receiving terminals. Various optimization methods have been established to optimally utilize a fleet. Other than the cost-efficiency, there are other considerations in optimizing the fleet. One of the current trending considerations is the emission. In the past few years, concern about environment has been increasing. IMO released a number based on research that shows that maritime transportation has 2.7% contribution to global anthropogenic emission. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal fleet and its routes of an LNG shipping to minimize the CO2 emission while also minimizing the cost of LNG distribution in central part of Indonesia that covers South Eastern Sulawesi. Demand points are the power plants of Kendari, Baubau, Selayar, Bombana, and Kolaka with a total of 828 m3 daily needs for LNG. The cost calculation was done in a G-VRP framework which took emission into account. A method called Bin Packing Problem within the context of Vehicle Routing Problem was established to minimize the total distribution cost and emission for each cluster. After acquiring the best route and fleet option, this research compared and analysed the benefits of using conventional diesel engine and a dual fuel diesel engine scenario for the chosen vessel. The result of this optimization study shown that the transportation shall use one unit of type-A ships with a capacity of 1100 m3 for the routes Ambon-Bombana-Kolaka Utara-Ambon. And two units of type-B ship with a capacity of 2500 m3 for Ambon-Kendari-Ambon and Ambon-Baubau-Selayar-Ambon route. All ships use LNG as fuel. The total expense for this scenario is $2,980,768.63 and the use of dual fuel diesel engine instead of a conventional diesel engine for the ships can reduce the total costs by $2,434,348.97 or 44.95%.

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